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Alkylresorcinols (AR) are a group of lipids found in the bran fraction of wheat and rye grains. AR are absorbed into the bloodstream and their metabolites are excreted in urine in measurable amounts following ingestion of wholegrain (WG) wheat or rye cereal. As AR are absent in refined cereals, plasma AR and urinary AR metabolites are proposed as suitable biomarkers of dietary intake of WG wheat and rye cereal, with a number of studies supporting this proposal. Different AR species are present in characteristic quantities in WG wheat in comparison to WG rye cereals, which can allow identification of the main source of WG (wheat or rye) in individuals by analysing the AR concentrations in blood. However the patterns of urinary AR metabolite excretion following wheat or rye intake have not yet been investigated to determine if there are differences according to WG source.
The present study aims to:
(i) investigate the differences in AR metabolite excretion pattern in spot and 24 hour urine samples after following a predominantly WG rye-based diet in comparison to a predominantly WG wheat-based diet and in comparison to control (refined cereal diet) (ii) compare the validity and reproducibility of AR metabolites in spot urine samples in comparison to 24 hour urine samples.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whole grain rye | Experimental | 3-4 portions per day of WG rye containing foods (approximately 20 WG per portion) |
|
| Whole grain wheat | Experimental | 3-4 portions per day of WG wheat containing foods (approximately 20 WG per portion) |
|
| Refined cereal | Placebo Comparator | No intake of WG wheat or WG rye cereals, only refined cereals or non-AR containing WG cereals (e.g. WG rice or oats) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole grain rye | Other |
| ||
| Whole grain wheat |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 24-h urinary DHBA:DHPPA ratio | DHBA: 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid DHPPA: 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid DHBA & DHPPA are the main AR metabolites excreted in urine | Endpoint (Day 3) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| DHBA:DHPPA ratio in morning spot urine | Endpoint (Day 3) | |
| Total 24-h urinary AR metabolite (DHBA + DHPPA) excretion | Endpoint (Day 3) | |
| Total 24-h urinary DHBA excretion |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Estimated daily intake of WG wheat and rye cereals | Assessed throughout each intervention period (Days 1-3) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Julia Darzi, PhD | King's College London | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London | London | SW1 9NH | United Kingdom |
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|
| Refined cereal | Other |
|
| Endpoint (Day 3) |
| Total 24-h urinary DHPPA excretion | Endpoint (Day 3) |
| 24-h urinary total AR (DHBA+DHPPA):creatinine ratio | Endpoint (Day 3) |
| 24-h urinary DHBA:creatinine ratio | Endpoint (Day 3) |
| 24-h urinary DHPPA:creatinine ratio | Endpoint (Day 3) |
| Total AR (DHBA+DHPPA):creatinine ratio in morning spot urine sample | Endpoint (Day 3) |
| DHBA:creatinine ratio in morning spot urine sample | Endpoint (Day 3) |
| DHPPA:creatinine ratio in morning spot urine sample | Endpoint (Day 3) |