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High-protein meals have previously been shown to acutely reduce appetite and energy intake. More recently, meals higher in calcium have also been shown to increase feelings of fullness, circulating insulin and intestinal peptide concentrations and reduce appetite sensations.
This study aims to assess whether calcium and protein act synergistically to acutely influence appetite and energy intake.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | Sham Comparator | Control breakfast low in protein and calcium. Porridge-based breakfast. |
|
| PROTEIN | Active Comparator | High-protein breakfast. |
|
| CALCIUM | Active Comparator | High-calcium breakfast. |
|
| PRO-CAL | Experimental | High-protein and calcium breakfast. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | Dietary Supplement | Milk-Protein |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Energy Intake | Energy intake will be assessed by ad libitum consumption of a homogenous pasta meal, 1 h after the test-meal. | 60 min post test-meal |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective appetite sensations | Subjective appetite sensations (hunger, satisfaction, prospective consumption and fullness) will be assessed by visual analogue scales at baseline, and every 15 min following test-meal consumption. | 1 hr |
| Insulin concentrations |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Javier T Gonzalez, PhD | Northumbria University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northumbria University | Newcastle upon Tyne | Tyne and Wear | NE1 8ST | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20875183 | Background | Astbury NM, Stevenson EJ, Morris P, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Dose-response effect of a whey protein preload on within-day energy intake in lean subjects. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec;104(12):1858-67. doi: 10.1017/S000711451000293X. Epub 2010 Sep 28. | |
| 24195627 | Background | Gonzalez JT, Rumbold PL, Stevenson EJ. Appetite sensations and substrate metabolism at rest, during exercise, and recovery: impact of a high-calcium meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013 Dec;38(12):1260-7. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0056. Epub 2013 Jun 18. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011506 | Proteins |
| D002118 | Calcium |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D008673 | Metals, Alkaline Earth |
| D004602 | Elements |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
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| Calcium |
| Dietary Supplement |
Soluble calcium powder. |
|
| Porridge-based breakfast. | Dietary Supplement | Oats and water. |
|
Plasma insulin concentrations will be determined at baseline and every 15 min following test-meal consumption. |
| 1 hr |
| GLP-1 (7-36) concentrations | Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7-36) concentrations will be determined at baseline and every 15 min following consumption of the test meal. | 1 hr |
| GIP concentration | Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) concentrations will be determined at baseline and evert 15 min following test-meal consumption. | 1 hr |
| 23689561 | Background | Gonzalez JT, Stevenson EJ. Calcium co-ingestion augments postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide(1-42), glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin concentrations in humans. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(2):375-85. doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0532-8. Epub 2013 May 21. |
| 25733462 | Derived | Gonzalez JT, Green BP, Brown MA, Rumbold PL, Turner LA, Stevenson EJ. Calcium ingestion suppresses appetite and produces acute overcompensation of energy intake independent of protein in healthy adults. J Nutr. 2015 Mar;145(3):476-82. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.205708. Epub 2015 Jan 14. |
| D008670 | Metals |
| D001779 | Blood Coagulation Factors |
| D001685 | Biological Factors |