The purpose of this study is to develop and pilot test personalized and scalable approaches to Cognitive Remediation (CR) for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The intent is to more clearly define the therapeutic targets important to the facilitation of cognitive and functional improvement so that clinicians know how to customize cognitive interventions and deliver treatment in a more effective, efficient and personally relevant manner.

There are three phases of this study.

Phase 1: Development and Adaptation. The goal of this phase is to adapt currently used computer based CR approaches to make them more personalized and scalable. We will create two CR interventions which differ in choice and pacing of the cognitive exercises. This phase is complete.

Phase 2: Open Trial and Intervention Refinement. The goal of this phase is to obtain quantitative and qualitative feedback on the acceptability and usability of the interventions from participants to inform further refinement of the assessment and treatment packages. We will recruit ten subjects from an outpatient psychiatric rehabilitation program in New York City. After determining study eligibility, individuals will complete a standardized neuropsychological battery for schizophrenia assessment, and a 5-minute Tone Matching Test to assess basic auditory processing. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive one of two intervention packages, developed in Phase 1. Each session includes 60 minutes of computer-based learning activities and a 15 minute therapist-led discussion that links the computer activities to cognition as applied to daily tasks and recovery goals. Participants will complete a total of 10 sessions attending 2-3 times weekly for 5 weeks. During each session, participants will be asked to keep a log of software used. At the conclusion of this abbreviated trial, the participants will participate in focus groups in which they will be asked to provide verbal feedback on how enjoyable, engaging, and useful they perceived the computer and discussion based exercises to be. Participants will be asked to provide verbal feedback on the assessment procedures. CR clinicians will join the research team to discuss participants' engagement and their experience with administering the Tone Matching Test and interventions. Qualitative data summarized from participant logs and focus groups will be considered by the research team to refine the assessment battery, treatment parameters, and rubric of learning exercises. This phase is complete.

Phase 3: Pilot Feasibility Trial. People with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder may be referred by their treating clinician or may respond to posted advertisements to inquire about study participation. After being informed of study procedures, interested individuals will be asked to sign a consent form that documents willingness to participate in this study. Following informed consent, participants will be asked questions about demographic characteristics (e.g. age, education, employment), medication and psychosocial treatment status, psychiatric symptoms and symptoms severity, and will complete a brief assessment of estimated Intelligence. Those with an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) estimate below 70 or meeting substance dependence criteria at the time of evaluation will be exited from the study. In the same or second assessment session, participants will complete assessments of neuropsychological ability, current functioning, and motivation for treatment. Participants will then be randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions named "Brain Basics" or "Brain Exercises".

Each treatment condition is structured in a group format of up to 5 participants. Both treatments use commercially available computer-based training software to exercise cognitive skills such as speed of processing, attention, working memory, and verbal memory. Both conditions will entail 50 minutes on the computer and 10 minutes group discussion. In the discussion, participants review the cognitive activities they are working on and how they will help them achieve their recovery goals. The treatment phase will consist of 30 separate sessions each 60 minutes in duration, administered 3 times a week over the course of a 10-week period. Participants will be re-tested on outcome measures approximately 1 week following end of treatment, and again 3 months later.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV) diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
2. Age 18 to 65
3. English speaking
4. Psychiatrically stable, verified by current living/treatment status

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Indication of mental retardation, determined by estimated IQ of less than 70
2. Hearing or visual impairment that precludes completing assessments
3. Neurologic illness that may affect brain physiology (e.g. Parkinson's, seizure disorder, epilepsy)
4. Current substance dependence symptoms in the past 6 weeks
5. Participation in cognitive remediation in the 12 months prior to study entry.