The purpose of the mPeer2Peer Study (mP2P) is to see if we can use a smartphone and a Peer Navigator (PN) to improve medical care for HIV-positive people who have been out of HIV care for over one year.

Research Question

Can real-time collection of patient-level data using smartphones be feasibly and effectively utilized by peer navigators to deliver timely and individualized support interventions outside of a clinical setting, thereby facilitating improved engagement in HIV care and medication adherence for HIV-infected drug users?

Aims

Optimal benefit from antiretroviral therapy (ART) is contingent upon consistent engagement in HIV care and reliable medication adherence. HIV-infected intravenous drug users (IDUs) delay entrance into and under-utilize medical care. Those who access HIV care are frequently lost to follow up or are intermittent users. Out-of-care IDUs are more likely to develop AIDS, have reduced survival, engage in risky behavior and place others at risk for HIV transmission; therefore, evidence-based tools to promote engagement of IDUs in care are urgently needed.

Clinic-based, individualized support delivered by case managers or patient navigators improves engagement in HIV care for many patients, but few settings have sufficient resources to offer adaptive, individualized, long-term support to all who need it. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies able to collect patient-level data in real time and to facilitate responsive communication hold promise as an effective strategy to optimize HIV care and medication adherence for IDUs.

The objective of this pilot feasibility trial planning grant is to obtain feasibility, acceptability and trial optimization data to inform the design and implementation of a randomized trial to fully evaluate the hypothesis. To accomplish this objective, specific aims include:

Specific Aim 1. To evaluate the feasibility and participant acceptability of mHealth-enhanced peer navigation to improve retention in care for out-of-care, ART-eligible IDUs.

In the mobile phone-based intervention, participants will utilize a smartphone interface to report perceived barriers to accessing care and adhering to prescribed therapies. Through repeated quantitative and qualitative evaluations, investigators will assess feasibility, participant acceptability and logistical challenges (e.g., retention, participant burden, device loss, data quality, response fatigue, perceived support) of the intervention sustained over one year of follow-up.

Specific Aim 2. To define trial elements required for optimization of a future randomized clinical trial of mHealth-enhanced peer navigation.

The long-term effectiveness of mHealth interventions (i.e., maintenance of sustained HIV RNA suppression over years), will require large and expensive clinical trials. In prudent preparation for a future trial, investigators will collect preliminary efficacy data comparing the peer-navigation/smartphone intervention to usual care for several alternative endpoints, including time to ART initiation, missed visit frequency, and rate of virologic suppression. Investigators will also define the optimal patient load and scope of work for peer navigators and the intensity and frequency of electronic communication that facilitate meaningful peer support.

Background

Patient navigators have been successfully employed to assist persons utilizing complex medical services. In contrast to the medical case management paradigm, which tends to involve delivery of specific, predefined services, patient navigation features responsive, flexible problem-solving to overcome perceived barriers to care. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends psychosocial support for all HIV-infected persons and has promoted the use of peers in addressing care and retention needs. In resource-constrained settings, peers trained for specific health-related tasks represent a potentially cost-efficient and sustainable workforce. Besides addiction and mental health co-morbidity, HIV-infected IDUs often have limited income, education, insurance, and social support, unstable housing and food insecurity. Poor health literacy, negative experiences with medical institutions and negative health-related beliefs may pose additional barriers to care.

The role of peer navigators in HIV care is to influence areas which impact engagement in care, namely to: 1) Educate and counsel regarding acceptance of HIV diagnosis and understanding of HIV prevention and treatment, 2) Assist in overcoming practical barriers to care (e.g., accessing social services like drug treatment, housing or transportation assistance, 3) Identify and reduce sources of instability, 4) Facilitate patient coping through life skills training, and 5) Improve patient-provider communication. Data suggest that peer-led interventions should be personalized and practical, addressing individual concerns and barriers rather than group-level support.8 The frequency and intensity of patient-peer interaction needed for this individualization and the extent to which mobile technology can improve communication toward this end need clarification.

mHealth approaches to optimizing HIV care

Use of mobile cellular devices has grown rapidly worldwide, increasing from 2 billion subscriptions in 2005 to an estimated 5.3 billion at the end of 2010.9 The promise of mobile health (mHealth) technologies for strengthening health care delivery in resource-limited settings has been acknowledged by the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in development of its strategic plan. Short Message Service (SMS) text messages were recently shown in a large randomized trial to be an effective intervention for smoking cessation. Text messages have also been effectively utilized to improve attendance at clinic appointments, although few data are available from HIV clinics. ART dose reminder messages sent with pagers or mobile phones have been used in several settings to improve adherence. Two recent randomized mHealth studies in sub-Saharan Africa have demonstrated benefit of weekly text messages for improving adherence and rates of viral suppression. Additional randomized trials of SMS adherence reminders are under development in India and Cameroon.

Rationale

The rationale for Peer Navigators (PNs) working with HIV-infected IDUs is that similar backgrounds and shared experiences will strengthen relationships and provide PNs access and credibility not easily achieved by medical professionals. HIV infection among IDUs is transmitted through drug-using networks. However, these same peer networks have also served as the vehicle for several peer-driven interventions with demonstrated efficacy in reducing HIV risk behavior, often outperforming traditional approaches. With lower-income, poorly educated, predominantly minority HIV-infected IDUs, investigators propose that having a knowledgeable 'peer' provide counsel and support during entrance to care and ART initiation, and remain a stable presence into the maintenance phase could directly addresses many of the barriers encountered by this community.

Population Description

Study participants will be primarily recruited from the existing ALIVE cohort. Additional participants will be recruited among patients who have received HIV care in the past at the Johns Hopkins Moore Clinic.

Sample Size

The total sample size for this study will be 60, with 30 participants in each study arm. Because the main objective of this study is to demonstrate feasibility and acceptance of a mHealth intervention, analysis of the data generated will largely be exploratory and descriptive, rather than driven by a priori hypotheses.

In November 2012, the ALIVE Study identified 54 participants who meet the criteria for both being out of HIV care and recent drug use. The Moore Clinic clinical staff estimates that around 180 patients could meet these criteria, providing a combined pool of roughly 230 individuals from which the study can begin recruitment.

Recruitment

Potential participants will be approached at their regular visit by their interviewer and the Research Coordinator about participating in a new study. Invitation will be determined by clinic interviewers or staff, who will notify the Research Coordinator if a participant is eligible. Potential participants will be contacted at the ALIVE Study or the Moore Clinic, based on recent data or records. If an ALIVE participant self-reports to a study interviewer that they have never been in care or have been out of care for over a year, they will be referred to the study coordinator for more information and screening. Eligible individuals who confirm they have not received any HIV care in the past year will be assisted in scheduling an appointment with a primary care provider at the Moore Clinic. Only participants who attend their first HIV care visit (confirmed through the electronic medical record) will undergo enrollment and randomization.

As part of Moore clinic efforts to identify out-of-care persons, they periodically review their records and contact individuals directly to clarify if patients are seeing another provider or to support them to re-engage in care at the Moore clinic. The clinic (namely Jeanne Keruly and her staff) will share this information on out-of-care Moore clinic patients with the mP2P study and will assist us in identifying when out-of-care persons are scheduled for an appointment. At their subsequent visit, Moore Clinic patients will meet with the coordinator (preferably that day) for more information and screening. The study will use a recruitment script and screening tool.

Potential participants may also be referred to the study coordinator for eligibility screening from Moore Clinic providers who encounter patients who have been lost to follow-up (i.e. have not seen their primary HIV provider for over one year), but present to the clinic for a new visit, because of an administrative issue or urgent care appointment. With provider assent, the recruiter will approach these patients, explain the study and if interested, and schedule them to attend an enrollment visit where consent will be obtained.

Informed Consent Process

The Research Coordinator will read the consent form aloud to each enrolling participant before providing training and instruction in the use of all devices. The study participant will sign then their name and date the form, as will the Coordinator. A copy of the consent form will be provided to the client.

Individuals who are cognitively impaired to the extent that they either cannot give informed consent or cannot give self-report will be excluded. Self-report is a central outcome measure; including participants who cannot do it would invalidate the study.

Part of the evaluation of the intervention will include elicitation of feedback from the peer navigator staff regarding their impressions about the effectiveness of the intervention, unforeseen challenges and best practices. As part of monthly staff meetings with the study coordinator and PN clinical supervisor, a 30-60 minute focus group will be conducted with peer navigators. Because their conversations will be audio recorded and analyzed, their participation in the focus groups constitutes research. Written informed consent will be obtained from PNs by the study coordinator at each of these sessions.

Peer Health Navigation

After the first HIV care visit, participants will return to the Wood Clinic for a baseline interview and randomization into one of the two study arms (PN or treatment as usual). Investigators modeled the peer navigation intervention after several HIV prevention trials that aimed to assist high-risk individuals in overcoming logistical barriers to receiving social services and medical care. Peer Navigators will be part-time employees of the study, hired through Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (JHSPH) Human Resources procedures, and will work approximately 10-15 hours per week, meeting study participants in person or by phone to discuss strategies to remain engaged in care and overcome logistical challenges encountered in the health care system. Persons living with HIV who have successfully navigated the health care system and who are receiving ongoing HIV care will be encouraged to apply, but HIV-positive status will not be a requirement of the position.

The PN will log all PN-participant contacts daily using the eMOCHA system. This will allow an assessment of the level of intensity of PN-participant contact that may be associated with clinical benefit, as well as inform the appropriate caseload for PNs. The frequency, duration, and nature of each PN/patient interaction as well as an assessment of action plan goals and identified barriers will be compared to outcomes from the study aims, including time to ART initiation, missed visit frequency, and rate of virologic suppression.

The study coordinator will serve as the operational supervisor for peer navigators, and will be responsible for facilitating communications among PNs and research staff. The study coordinator will provide technical assistance with the web-based patient tracking software and assist with review of participant-specific data. The coordinator will be responsible for matching PNs with eligible participants, ensuring that all data are collected according to the schedule and specifications in the research protocol, organizing the training and hiring of PNs, and for setting up regular operational supervision meetings.

A co-investigator (Dr. Hutton) trained in clinical psychology with extensive experience with HIV-infected persons with substance abuse will serve as the clinical supervisor for peer navigators. She will be responsible for organizing regular clinical supervision sessions to review case studies, address issues of PN/counseling overlap and discuss issues arising from the execution of the work. These sessions should be a mix of group and individual level supervision. The clinical supervisor should help PNs deal with issues of setting boundaries with participants and developing methods for dealing with urgent issues. Clinical supervisors will ensure that clinical assistance is available for PNs when situations arise in which a licensed mental health worker's assistance is needed. Additional support will be provided by clinicians and HIV care providers who have been trained to address the specific medical needs of IDUs.

Feedback about perceived logistical challenges related to PN/participant interaction and the overall conduct of the study will be collected at monthly meetings by the operational supervisor. The entire team of investigators will compile and review these comments at quarterly meetings throughout the study. At 3 months and 9 months after the start of the study, the monthly PN meeting will consist of a formal focus group, led by a co-investigator with qualitative research methods expertise.

Ecologic Momentary Assessment (EMA)

EMA refers to using electronic handheld data collection devices to collect real-time information about stress, drug cravings and drug use participants in the context of their daily routine, rather than in a research study. In this study, participants will be given a smartphone to carry for up to one year. The current phone model used is the Motorola Droid X2, running applications developed using a software platform created by the Center for Clinical Global Health Education (CCGHE) at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. The application, named the electronic Mobile Open-source Comprehensive Health Application (eMOCHA), has been used to support community health workers in resource poor areas heavily impacted by HIV. It has been modified by the CCGHE programming team specifically for this study. A staff member will train participants in how to use the eMOCHA interface and all relevant features of the smartphone. Participants will be required to show they can run a "demo" questionnaire before commencing use in the field.

Smartphone-based data collection from participants in the intervention arm will commence two business days following randomization, to allow for troubleshooting of device problems and participants' increased familiarity with the eMOCHA interface. At scheduled data-collection times, the participant's phone will generate an audible alert and the eMOCHA application will automatically launch. To protect confidentiality, every eMOCHA session will begin with a password-entry screen containing no other information. Frequency and length of EMA sessions will be dynamic over the course of the study in order to individualize the intervention and collect process data related to Aim 2. By default, participants will receive two prompts daily for the first three months of the study. Based on participant feedback, rate of EMA response and level of engagement in HIV care, the protocol may be converted to a "maintenance phase" of less frequent prompts after the initial three-month in-person study visit.

Each eMOCHA session will feature multiple-choice and free-text question items related to three domains: engagement in HIV care (retention and adherence), drug/alcohol use, and mood. The drug use items will query participants regarding the intensity of drug cravings and the occurrence of any drug use. The brief version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) will be used to assess moods such as anger, depression and anxiety. Within each domain, the eMOCHA application will guide the participant through three steps that (1) assess the participant's current experiences or symptoms, (2) assess barriers to engagement in care, and (3) provide support messages or information. Peer navigators will monitor the responses of each participant over time, and will contact the participant if he or she reports specific problems, or appears to have increasing levels of self-reported negative mood states, drug use, or poor medication adherence.

Twice each day, the smartphone will signal the participant to answer a questionnaire. Participants will have 15 minutes to respond after notification. The alarms can occur between 9:00 am and 9:00 pm. One alarm will go off at a random time every day and the other alarm will always go off at 9:00 pm to recap what happened during your day. The questions should take about five minutes every day. Also, if participants use drugs or have a craving to use drugs, they should report this event using a questionnaire that is similar to the random questionnaire, but tailored to contain more drug-specific content.

Global Positioning System (GPS) Data

As a continuation of previous efforts during the EXACT Study, investigators will compare global positioning systems (GPS) data and neighborhood-level psychosocial stress indicators with drug-related EMA behavioral data. Participants' location will be recorded every five minutes using the smartphone's internal GPS. GPS data will be encrypted and transferred wirelessly to a secure server daily. The GPS data on the phone will be deleted after transfer. Participants' daily EMA data will be compared to weekly ACASI data and tagged with GPS data to construct a temporal and spatial profile of drug use and psychosocial stress.

Biological Samples

Every three months, a trained phlebotomist will draw 10mL of whole blood to place in a repository, using approved biosafety procedures. Current research is actively investigating several promising biological markers of stress. If, as anticipated, a valid and reliable biomarker of longer-term stress (on the order of weeks to months) is identified, blood samples from the repository will be tested at an appropriate laboratory. Genetic studies may include both host and viral genetics.

Follow-up and assessment of HIV care utilization

Participants in both study arms will return to the Wood clinic every three months to collect reimbursement for participation and to complete a follow-up questionnaire assessing the same domains evaluated in the baseline questionnaire. The study will also collect 10mL (2 teaspoons) of blood serum for storage and future testing. This study visit should take about 30 minutes.

This study will uniquely benefit from an existing data sharing agreement with the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort (JHHCC) study, which will allow highly accurate and timely ascertainment of care utilization endpoints ART prescription and pharmacy fill dates will be collected from this database to verify participant-reported dates of ART initiation. Appointment data are electronically managed through the Moore Clinic Registration System (Epic Enterprise Scheduling Software, Madison, WI). All ambulatory visits scheduled are input into this system at the point of service or through incoming calls by staff trained in the use of this database. When a patient registers on the day of the appointment, the visit is keyed as a completed visit. JHHCC data are available for download within approximately two weeks of being entered into the system. Importantly, assessing clinic attendance and prescription of ART using this external database will allow assessment of the main endpoints for all randomized participants even if some are not retained in this study.

Study staff will conduct in-depth, qualitative interviews among the 30 participants in the intervention arm. Ten will be randomly selected to complete an interview after 3-6 months of the intervention, in order to provide feedback that may be used to refine the intervention during the subsequent trial period; the remaining 20 will be interviewed at the end of follow-up to collect data about their overall experience with the intervention. In order to start processing the data, memos will be developed by the interviewer as data are collected. Interviews will be semi-structured; interview guides will have predefined main themes, but these guides are meant to be dynamic and will allow new topics to emerge during the course of the interview. Important topics will include: (1) satisfaction and challenges with eMOCHA interface, (2) satisfaction with relationship to peer navigator (3), perceived intrusiveness of the intervention, (4) ongoing challenges to engagement in HIV care, (5) ways the smartphone may facilitate getting HIV care information/help (e.g. from informal support networks, the internet).

Focus groups conducted with the peer navigator staff will allow the investigator team to get a better understanding about the effectiveness of the intervention, unforeseen challenges and best practices. These will occur as part of monthly staff meetings with the study coordinator and PN clinical supervisor, last 30-60 minutes, and will be audio-recorded for later thematic analysis.

Blinding

Neither investigators nor participants will be blinded to which of the study arms individuals are randomized.

Rationale for use of a non-treatment group

In order to justify spending resources for new, technology-based interventions, it is essential to demonstrate that they add value compared to currently available care. The Johns Hopkins Moore Clinic employs a limited number of full-time social workers, nurses, and peer advocates who share responsibility for coordinating outpatient HIV care and facilitating referrals for ancillary services. While this level of staffing is inadequate to provide comprehensive, individualized case management for every patient, patients who desire assistance with an aspect of their care have same-day access to this support, which represents the currently available standard of care. Nearly all new patients seen in the Moore Clinic meet with a social worker after completing the initial intake visit with their medical provider, and may schedule follow-up meetings as needed or be seen on a walk-in basis. Control-group participants will work with clinic-based support staff for coordination of their care, meaning peer navigators will not actively facilitate interaction between control group participants and clinic providers after the initial HIV care visit.

Participant removal criteria

Study participants may terminate their participation in the study at any time. If the smartphone is lost, stolen or damaged during use, the study will assign a new one at no charge. Participants never have to pay to replace a device. However, if a second smartphone is lost, stolen or damaged, they will be asked to leave the mP2P Study. This will not affect their participation in the ALIVE Study or their clinical care with the Moore clinic.

Certificate of Confidentiality

The mP2P study will collect data from a population of persons who formerly or currently engage in illegal reportable activities, namely drug use. As the mP2P study is designed as a sub-study of the ALIVE cohort, modifications will be made to the existing Certificate of Confidentiality issued by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-87-042) to protect sensitive information reported by participants.

Consent Process and Documentation

Informed consent will take place at Johns Hopkins University, and will be carried out by the Project Coordinator. Additional study staff may be trained in consent procedures, to provide backup to the study. The Coordinator will read the consent form aloud while the potential participant reads along. The participant will be able to ask any questions during the consent process and before signing the form.

Risks and Benefits

Minimal risk: The probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine physical and psychological examinations or tests.

Smartphone (EMA): Participants may feel hassled or annoyed by the EMA prompts. Also, some of the questions are personal and they might not feel comfortable answering those questions. Participants who are unfamiliar with smartphones or other electronic devices could feel some discomfort or frustration in dealing with these technologies.

Smartphone (GPS): The main risk from carrying the GPS unit is loss of privacy. Using a GPS device will not significantly increase participants' risk burden more than they currently experience. Many participants already use mobile phones daily, which contain a system by which a user's location can be tracked. Encrypted data will be wirelessly uploaded to a secure server and erased from the device daily. The risks and procedures regarding the smartphone will be explained during both screening and consent.

Phlebotomy: Phlebotomy is performed by drawing blood from a vein in the forearm or antecubital fossa. This may cause pain during the insertion of the needle or slight bruising afterward.

ACASI: Some questions in the ACASI questionnaire are personal and participants might feel uncomfortable or upset about answering them. Participants may refuse to answer any question.

Confidentiality: Although precautions will be taken to protect privacy, there is the chance that confidentiality can be broken. All data collected outside the study clinic are protected by the Certificates of Confidentiality for the ALIVE I and ALIVE II studies. Participants will be reminded of the legal requirements for confidentiality within the ALIVE Study. Confidentiality risks will be minimized by using study materials without personal identifiers, using only unique study numbers, and by following strict procedures in data collection, data entry, and data analysis.

Peer Navigators will know participants by name and may have contact information for participants stored on their own mobile phones, but will not carry any information linking participants' identities with study-related information outside the locked offices of the Wood Clinic.

Description of Level of Research Burden

Volunteers in this project will have their normal daily activities interrupted twice per day. However, each interruption for an EMA response should take only 3-5 minutes. One purpose of this study is to find out if this is too high of a burden for this population. The maximum total daily time devoted to the study should be a no more than 15 to 20 minutes, even with event-generated responses. Each weekly visit should take about 30 minutes, not including time spent in the waiting room.

Description of Potential Benefits

Participants may not benefit directly for being in this study. Benefits to society include helping us to understand research techniques that can promote engagement in HIV care as well as improve data collection. The research may help society understand the environment in which people use drugs and the specific challenges IDUs may encounter when accessing HIV care.

Reporting Unanticipated Problems/Adverse Events

No adverse events are anticipated as part of the study. However, participants will be instructed to contact the Principal Investigator, Dr. Kirk, the Research Coordinator, Mr. Genz, or the Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Board (IRB) if they feel they have been harmed during the course of study procedures.

Safety monitoring

Participants will have 24-hour access to an on-call provider through the Moore Clinic. If needed, this communication will be facilitated by the study smartphone, which has important clinic and study-related numbers pre-programmed. Participants' will be formally evaluated with questionnaires and in-person interviews every three months at the ALIVE clinic by research staff, at which time they can report any unforeseen challenges related to their participation. They will have the ability to leave non-urgent messages for the study coordinator or peer navigator, which will be answered within one business day.

Inclusion Criteria:

• History of current or former injection drug use
• No clinic visits with an HIV provider in the preceding 12 months
• Not taking ART
• HIV RNA level of greater than 1,000 copies/mL
• Agree to attend at least one HIV care visit at the Johns Hopkins Moore clinic

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any medical or psychiatric condition that would interfere with the participant's ability to comply with study procedures or make participation unsafe
• Current enrollment in another HIV retention-in-care study