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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the statewide application of Green Dot among high schools students. We hypothesize that students in high schools with Green Dot will over time report lower rates of sexual violence (SV) compared with students in comparable high schools randomized not to have Green Dot. This reduction in sexual violence will be mediated through a reduction in social norms supporting sexual violence (measured with violence acceptance scales) and an increase in bystander behaviors.
"Green Dot" is a bystander intervention program that empowers students to actively question peer support for sexual violence (SV) and become change agents who play a significant role in preventing sexual violence. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the statewide application of Green Dot among high schools students. We hypothesize that students in high schools with Green Dot will over time report lower rates of SV compared with students in comparable high schools randomized not to have Green Dot. A high school based controlled intervention trial is being used to test the efficacy of Green Dot. Both panel and cohort survey methods will be used to provide baseline and prospective data on student's attitudes supporting SV, bystander behaviors and violence victimization and perpetration. In 13 Kentucky regions, 2 demographically comparable high schools were recruited to participate in Green Dot intervention either as the intervention or control site. Schools were randomly assigned to the intervention. Study Population includes all students in participating high schools invited to complete anonymous panel surveys beginning spring 2010 through 2014. This state-wide, population-based, multi-site controlled intervention trial provides an empirical test of a promising intervention, which, if proven effective, could result in the primary prevention of SV and a reduction in the health and academic consequences of SV.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Green Dot Bystander Training | Experimental | Green Dot intervention |
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| Control | Active Comparator | Awareness Eduation |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green Dot Bystander Intevention | Behavioral | Intervention allocated at the school level |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Average Number of Sexual Assault Events Used (Perpetrated) Per School. | Students self report of sexual assault perpetration averaged at the school level and adjusted for baseline and number of students. Adjustments were made by including baseline measure and number of students as a covariate in the model. Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. | up to 5 years follow up from baseline intervention |
| Average Number of Sexual Assaults Experienced (Victimization) Events Per School. | Students self report of sexual assault victimization averaged at the school level and adjusted for baseline and number of students. Adjustments made by including baseline measure and number of students as covariates in models. Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. | Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Violence Acceptance | Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale measure students' beliefs about rape which may indicate social norms supporting sexual violence. The scale consists of 22 questions scored 1 -5. Were 1 is "strongly agree" and 5 is "strongly disagree". The higher the cumulative score, the more likely the participant is to accept rape myths. 5-item Acceptance of General Dating Violence Scale was used to measure norms supporting dating violence. Scores will range from 1-6, were the higher the score the more likely the participant was to reject dating violence as normal. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Only high school students attending the intervention or comparison high schools will be eligible. Two groups will be recruited: those receiving bystanding training and those not receiving such training who may or may not be in the social network of those receiving bystanding training.
Exclusion Criteria:
All other high school students in Kentucky
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ann L. Coker, PhD | University of Kentucky | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Kentucky | Lexington | Kentucky | 40536-0293 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28279546 | Result | Coker AL, Bush HM, Cook-Craig PG, DeGue SA, Clear ER, Brancato CJ, Fisher BS, Recktenwald EA. RCT Testing Bystander Effectiveness to Reduce Violence. Am J Prev Med. 2017 May;52(5):566-578. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.020. Epub 2017 Mar 6. | |
| 30956390 | Result | Coker AL, Bush HM, Brancato CJ, Clear ER, Recktenwald EA. Bystander Program Effectiveness to Reduce Violence Acceptance: RCT in High Schools. J Fam Violence. 2019;34(3):153-164. doi: 10.1007/s10896-018-9961-8. Epub 2018 Apr 2. |
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46 demographically similar public high schools were identified as willing participate in the trial. Two schools were excluded by researchers because these were too small (<100 per grade). Among the remaining 36 schools, two schools within each of the 13 regions were selected and randomized (n=26).
A total of 89,707 students completed surveys. However, due to anonymous response, it is not possible to know the number of unique students who completed surveys within the study period. Two schools within each of the 13 regions were selected by the Rape Crisis Centers for simple randomization to each condition in this cluster RCT (n=26).
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Green Dot Bystander Training | 13 receiving Green Dot intervention Green Dot Bystander Intevention: Intervention allocated at the school level |
| FG001 | Control | 13 high school receiving no bystander training (no intervention) |
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Surveys were anonymous. The number of participants analyzed represents the number of analyzable surveys within each group.
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Green Dot Bystander Training | 26 high schools: 13 receiving Green Dot intervention and 13 no intervention Green Dot Bystander Intevention: Intervention allocated at the school level |
| BG001 | Control Training |
| Units | Counts |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Average Number of Sexual Assault Events Used (Perpetrated) Per School. | Students self report of sexual assault perpetration averaged at the school level and adjusted for baseline and number of students. Adjustments were made by including baseline measure and number of students as a covariate in the model. Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. | Anonymous survey data collected over 5 years and sorted by intervention. To complete ITT analysis, schools that dropped out were included in analysis using imputed data. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Number of events per school | up to 5 years follow up from baseline intervention | Schools | Schools |
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No adverse events were monitored in this study
No adverse events were monitored in this study
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | GreenDot | Experimental: GreenDot Bystander Training "GreenDot" is a bystander intervention program that empowers students to actively question peer support for sexual violence (SV) and become change agents who play a significant role in preventing sexual violence. |
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Individuals were not tracked over time as surveys were anonymous. Thus, we cannot extrapolate data to make individual conclusions.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Ann Coker | University of Kentucky | 859-323-6758 | ann.coker@uky.edu |
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| Control | Behavioral | Awareness Education |
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| Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. |
| Increase in Bystanding Behaviors | 7 item survey measuring self-reports of students actively engaging their peers in behaviors that may prevent violence. Response options: 0 times, 1-2 times, 3-5 times, 6-9 times, 10 or more times, didn't see or hear someone doing this Above items repeated to measure student observing others doing these behaviors. Data will be presented as the total number of interventions were the bigger the number the more likely the bystander was to intervene on behalf of the victim. | Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. |
| 35279345 | Derived | Mennicke AM, Bush HM, Brancato CJ, Coker AL. Bystander Program to Reduce Sexual Violence by Witnessing Parental Intimate Partner Violence Status. Am J Prev Med. 2022 Aug;63(2):262-272. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.12.022. Epub 2022 Mar 9. |
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| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
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| Sex/Gender, Customized | Mean | Standard Deviation | Percentage of Participants per School | Participants |
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| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Mean | Standard Deviation | Percentage of Participants per School | Participants |
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| Control |
No bystander intervention |
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| Primary | Average Number of Sexual Assaults Experienced (Victimization) Events Per School. | Students self report of sexual assault victimization averaged at the school level and adjusted for baseline and number of students. Adjustments made by including baseline measure and number of students as covariates in models. Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. | anonymous survey data collected over 5 years and sorted by intervention. To keep ITT analysis, all schools were included and data were imputed for schools that dropped out. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Number of events per school | Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. | Schools | Schools |
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| Other Pre-specified | Change in Violence Acceptance | Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale measure students' beliefs about rape which may indicate social norms supporting sexual violence. The scale consists of 22 questions scored 1 -5. Were 1 is "strongly agree" and 5 is "strongly disagree". The higher the cumulative score, the more likely the participant is to accept rape myths. 5-item Acceptance of General Dating Violence Scale was used to measure norms supporting dating violence. Scores will range from 1-6, were the higher the score the more likely the participant was to reject dating violence as normal. | Not Posted | Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. | Participants |
| Other Pre-specified | Increase in Bystanding Behaviors | 7 item survey measuring self-reports of students actively engaging their peers in behaviors that may prevent violence. Response options: 0 times, 1-2 times, 3-5 times, 6-9 times, 10 or more times, didn't see or hear someone doing this Above items repeated to measure student observing others doing these behaviors. Data will be presented as the total number of interventions were the bigger the number the more likely the bystander was to intervene on behalf of the victim. | Not Posted | Data will be collected at baseline and annually for 4 years. | Participants |
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| EG001 | Control | In 13 Kentucky region , 2 demographically comparable high schools were recruited to participate in GreenDot intervention as either the intervention or control site. Schools were randomly assigned to the intervention. Control schools received no additional programming on their campus. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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