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In women that undergo non-emergency cesarean delivery, we are comparing the skin preparation solutions for best outcome of surgical site infection. The three different solutions are: Group 1: Iodine povidone based skin preparation solution. Group 2: Chlorhexidine based skin preparation solution or Group 3: Combination usage of iodine povidone and chlorhexidine based skin preparation solutions. Women are prospectively randomized to one of the three groups and followed until thier postpartum visit at 6-8 weeks following delivery.
Currently the skin preparation solutions currently in use for cesarean delivery are chlorhexidine-alcohol based solutions or iodine povidone solutions There had been no recommendations of which surgical skin prep wound be best utilized for cesarean delivery, especially if the patient has risk factors for surgical site infection. Chlorhexidine solution has been reported to take minimal of 2 minutes after application to decrease the bacterial load, and continue to decrease the bacteria load up to 1 hour. Iodine povidone solution has been reported to be completely effective within 4 minutes of application. Patient's risk factor for surgical site infection, including obesity, history of incision complications, maternal diabetes, chorioamnionitis, potentially influence which surgical skin prep to be applied. Finally, the majority of postpartum infections manifest after hospital discharge and most of these post-discharge infections are diagnosed and treated entirely in the ambulatory setting, without the patients' returning to the hospital.
The purpose of the study is:
This will be a prospective randomized observational study of the women presenting for care to the Montefiore Medical Center. All patients will undergo routine obstetrical care and preparation for cesarean delivery as if they were not participating in this research study. All patients in the study will receive the pre-operative intravenous antibiotics pre-operatively as part of departmental protocol for cesarean delivery.
The patients will be randomized after informed consent obtained into one of three groups: Group 1: Iodine povidone based skin preparation solution. Group 2: Chlorhexidine based skin preparation solution or Group 3: Combination usage of iodine povidone and chlorhexidine based skin preparation solutions. Sequentially numbered envelopes will contain the group of randomization for the patient created by a computer generated program which will occur prior to commencement of the study.
Surgical preparation will follow the departmental protocol as if the patient were not in the study with exception of the skin preparation. Once the patient is randomized to the skin preparation group, the corresponding skin preparation solution will be used in accordance to manufacturer's guidelines for the product and Departmental protocol. If randomized to group 3 (combination), the iodine based preparation will occur first followed by the chlorhexidine based skin preparation. All groups will wait a minimal of 4 minutes prior to skin incision after application of skin prep, and all patients will be surgically draped with the standard drapes as if not participating in a study. Cesarean delivery will occur following the technique of the surgeon, including skin closure method, suture or staples.
All patients will be followed until the routine postpartum visit occurs at 6-8 weeks following delivery. Postpartum visit information will be extracted from the medical record. If no postpartum visit occurs, the patient will be contacted by telephone at 8 weeks post delivery and asked about any incisional complications which may have occurred and required treatment by as physician or healthcare provider in the office or hospital.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Combination iodine and chlorhexidine | Active Comparator | The combincation skin preparation will utilize the iodine based preparation first followed by the chlorhexidine based skin preparation prior to cesarean delivery. |
|
| Chlorhexidine | Active Comparator | Chlorhexidine based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery |
|
| Iodine povidone | Active Comparator | Iodine povidone based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iodine povidone | Drug | Iodine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cesarean Surgical Site Infection | Surgical site infection will follow CDC guidelines: A) Superficial incisional surgical site infection B) Deep incisional surgical site infection or C) Organ/space surgical site infection. | 42 days after delivery |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| David A Wallach, CIP | Einstein IRB | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Montefiore Medical Center Weiler Division | The Bronx | New York | 10461 | United States | ||
| Montefiore Medical Center Wakefield Division |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23622828 | Background | Zinn J, Jenkins JB, Harrelson B, Wrenn C, Haynes E, Small N. Differences in intraoperative prep solutions: a retrospective chart review. AORN J. 2013 May;97(5):552-8. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2013.03.006. | |
| 7040461 | Background | Berkelman RL, Holland BW, Anderson RL. Increased bactericidal activity of dilute preparations of povidone-iodine solutions. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Apr;15(4):635-9. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.4.635-639.1982. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Combination Iodine and Chlorhexidine | The combincation skin preparation will utilize the iodine based preparation first followed by the chlorhexidine based skin preparation prior to cesarean delivery. Combination iodine and chlorhexidine: Combination iodine povidone and chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| FG001 | Chlorhexidine | Chlorhexidine based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery Chlorhexidine: Chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| FG002 | Iodine Povidone | Iodine povidone based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery Iodine povidone: Iodine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Combination Iodine and Chlorhexidine | The combincation skin preparation will utilize the iodine based preparation first followed by the chlorhexidine based skin preparation prior to cesarean delivery. Combination iodine and chlorhexidine: Combination iodine povidone and chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Cesarean Surgical Site Infection | Surgical site infection will follow CDC guidelines: A) Superficial incisional surgical site infection B) Deep incisional surgical site infection or C) Organ/space surgical site infection. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 42 days after delivery |
|
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Combination Iodine and Chlorhexidine | The combincation skin preparation will utilize the iodine based preparation first followed by the chlorhexidine based skin preparation prior to cesarean delivery. Combination iodine and chlorhexidine: Combination iodine povidone and chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surgical site infection: organ | Infections and infestations | Admissions to hospital for IV antibiotics. No relationship to skin preparation solution |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr David Garry | Stony Brook Medicine | 631-444-7650 | david.garry@stonybrookmedicine.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013530 | Surgical Wound Infection |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014946 | Wound Infection |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011206 | Povidone-Iodine |
| D002710 | Chlorhexidine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007466 | Iodophors |
| D017613 | Iodine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D011145 | Polyvinyls |
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| Chlorhexidine |
| Drug |
Chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
|
| Combination iodine and chlorhexidine | Drug | Combination iodine povidone and chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
|
| The Bronx |
| New York |
| 10466 |
| United States |
| 22000737 | Background | Stinner DJ, Krueger CA, Masini BD, Wenke JC. Time-dependent effect of chlorhexidine surgical prep. J Hosp Infect. 2011 Dec;79(4):313-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.016. Epub 2011 Oct 15. |
| 20102279 | Background | Olsen MA, Butler AM, Willers DM, Gross GA, Hamilton BH, Fraser VJ. Attributable costs of surgical site infection and endometritis after low transverse cesarean delivery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010 Mar;31(3):276-82. doi: 10.1086/650755. |
| 22353388 | Background | Gong SP, Guo HX, Zhou HZ, Chen L, Yu YH. Morbidity and risk factors for surgical site infection following cesarean section in Guangdong Province, China. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012 Mar;38(3):509-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01746.x. Epub 2012 Feb 22. |
| 15550202 | Background | Miner AL, Sands KE, Yokoe DS, Freedman J, Thompson K, Livingston JM, Platt R. Enhanced identification of postoperative infections among outpatients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Nov;10(11):1931-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1011.040784. |
| 17712651 | Background | Opoien HK, Valbo A, Grinde-Andersen A, Walberg M. Post-cesarean surgical site infections according to CDC standards: rates and risk factors. A prospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(9):1097-102. doi: 10.1080/00016340701515225. |
| 22269261 | Background | Lobdell KW, Stamou S, Sanchez JA. Hospital-acquired infections. Surg Clin North Am. 2012 Feb;92(1):65-77. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2011.11.003. Epub 2011 Dec 5. |
| 12463081 | Background | Segal CG, Anderson JJ. Preoperative skin preparation of cardiac patients. AORN J. 2002 Nov;76(5):821-8. doi: 10.1016/s0001-2092(06)61035-1. |
| 32580252 | Derived | Hadiati DR, Hakimi M, Nurdiati DS, Masuzawa Y, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E. Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 25;6(6):CD007462. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007462.pub5. |
| 26551196 | Derived | Ngai IM, Van Arsdale A, Govindappagari S, Judge NE, Neto NK, Bernstein J, Bernstein PS, Garry DJ. Skin Preparation for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Dec;126(6):1251-1257. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001118. |
| BG001 |
| Chlorhexidine |
Chlorhexidine based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery Chlorhexidine: Chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| BG002 | Iodine Povidone | Iodine povidone based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery Iodine povidone: Iodine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| OG002 | Iodine Povidone | Iodine povidone based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery Iodine povidone: Iodine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery |
|
|
| 0 |
| 467 |
| 2 |
| 467 |
| 0 |
| 467 |
| EG001 | Chlorhexidine | Chlorhexidine based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery Chlorhexidine: Chlorhexidine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery | 0 | 474 | 3 | 474 | 0 | 474 |
| EG002 | Iodine Povidone | Iodine povidone based skin preparation solution applied to skin prior to cesarean delivery Iodine povidone: Iodine skin preparation solution prior to cesarean delivery | 0 | 463 | 2 | 463 | 0 | 463 |
|
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| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D014753 |
| Vinyl Compounds |
| D000475 | Alkenes |
| D006839 | Hydrocarbons, Acyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D011205 | Povidone |
| D011760 | Pyrrolidinones |
| D011759 | Pyrrolidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D010969 | Plastics |
| D011108 | Polymers |
| D046911 | Macromolecular Substances |
| D001697 | Biomedical and Dental Materials |
| D008420 | Manufactured Materials |
| D013676 | Technology, Industry, and Agriculture |
| D001645 | Biguanides |
| D006146 | Guanidines |
| D000578 | Amidines |