A Comparison Between Pupillometry, Heart Rate Variability and Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy for the Diagnosis of Early Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes

This study will examine if one of the following methods: pupillometry, spectral analysis of heart rate variability and metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, is more capable to detect early diabetic autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Inclusion Criteria:

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Exclusion Criteria:

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Severe cardiac autonomic neuropathy
• Medications other than insulin
• Ocular disease other than refractive eye disorders
• History of neurologic disease
• History of cardiovascular disease
• Thyroid disease
• Vitamin B insufficiency
• Other possible cause for autonomic failure