lack of recruitment

The purpose of this study is to explore immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive mechanisms of action of fingolimod in patients with Relapsing remitting multiple Sclerosis to collect data on biomarkers after initiation of fingolimod treatment.

After treatment with fingolimod the blood of the patients will be collected at different time points to examine the changes of T cells, B cells and biomarkers.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Written informed consent from patients capable of giving or withholding full informed consent must be obtained before any assessment is performed in this trial.
2. Male or female subjects aged 18-65 years.
3. Subjects with relapsing remitting forms of MS defined by 2010 revised McDonald criteria (see Appendix).
4. Patients with high disease activity despite treatment with a disease modifying therapy (≥ 1 relapse in the previous year, ≥ 9 hyperintense T2 lesions or ≥1 Gd-enhancing lesion or "non-responding" which could be defined as unchanged or increased relapse rate or ongoing severe relapses compared to previous year) or patients with rapidly evolving severe RRMS (e.g. ≥ 2 relapses with disease progression in one year and ≥ 1 Gd-enhancing lesion or with a significant increase in T2 lesions compared to a recent MRI).
5. Patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 0-6.5 (see Appendix).
6. Sufficient ability to read, write, communicate and understand

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with a manifestation of MS other than relapsing remitting MS.
2. Patients with a history of chronic disease of the immune system other than MS, which requires systemic immunosuppressive treatment, or a known immunodeficiency syndrome.
3. History or presence of malignancy (other than localized basal cell carcinoma of the skin and carcinoma in situ of the cervix) in the last 5 years
4. Diabetic patients with moderate or severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy and uncontrolled diabetic patients with HbA1c > 7%.
5. Diagnosis of macular edema during Baseline Visit (patients with a history of macular edema will be allowed to enter the study provided that they do not have macular edema at the ophthalmic baseline visit).
6. Patients with active systemic bacterial, viral or fungal infections, or known to have AIDS, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C infection or to have positive HIV antibody, Hepatitis B surface antigen or Hepatitis C antibody tests.
7. Negative for varicella-zoster virus IgG antibodies at Baseline.
8. Have received any live or live attenuated vaccines (including for varicella-zoster virus or measles) within 1 month prior to baseline.
9. Patients who have received total lymphoid irradiation or bone marrow transplantation.
10. Patients who expect to be treated with any disease modifying drugs (DMD) during the study (i.e. IFN-β, glatiramer acetate); however no washout is needed for DMDs prior to baseline.