Iron-fortified Flavoured Skimmed Milk With or Without Vitamin D in Iron Deficient Women

Iron deficiency and vitamin D deficiencies are common in menstruating women. The present assay studied the influence of the consumption of a flavoured skimmed milk with iron (iron pyrophosphate) or with iron and vitamin D3 in iron deficient women on:

• Iron metabolism
• Biomarkers of bone remodelling
• Cardiovascular risk indexes

Inclusion Criteria:

• Non-smoker or smokers of ≤ 3 cigarettes/day
• Non-pregnant
• non-breast-feeding
• Serum ferritin <30ng/mL
• Haemoglobin ≥11g/dL

Exclusion Criteria:

• Amenorrhea
• Menopause
• Any known health problems likely to influence iron status including iron-metabolism-related diseases (iron deficiency anaemia, thalassaemia, haemochromatosis)
• Chronic gastric diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn disease, gastric ulcers, celiac disease, hemorrhagic diseases)
• Renal disease or allergy to some of the components of the assay diary product.
• Blood donors
• Have regularly consumed iron or ascorbic acid supplements within the four months prior to participating in the intervention.