Efficacy of Nefopam and Morphine in Balanced Analgesia for Acute Ureteric Colic

A Single Center, Prospective Randomized Double-blind Trial: Efficacy of Nefopam and Morphine in Balanced Analgesia for Acute Ureteric Colic

This study is to see whether the combination regimen of ketorolac and nefopam is superior to that of ketorolac and morphine in controlling ureter stone-related acute flank pain.

The balanced analgesia regimen using both ketorolac and morphine is the most effective choice in controlling urolithiasis related acute pain. Previous animal and human studies reported that combination regimen of ketoprofen and nefopam showed synergistic effect in pain control. We hypothesized that using nefopam instead of morphine for ketorolac based combination analgesia will produce similar pain reduction without causing opioid-related side effect.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Acute flank with visual analog pain scale score equal or more than 5
• and most possible diagnosis after initial clinical exam is acute renal colic

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant or lactating women
• Patients whose use of any of the study drugs is contraindicated
• Patients with documented renal or hepatic failure or those with clinical findings suggesting the diagnoses
• Recent episode of acute myocardial infarction or patients with significant heart failure
• Patients with documented gastric/duodenal ulcer or those with clinical findings suggesting the diagnoses
• Patients with bleeding tendency
• Patients who have history of any seizure
• Patients with documented organic brain injury
• Patients taking warfarin
• Patients whose primary diagnosis is not renal colic