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Objectives: This study compared the efficacy of eScreen in a two-armed randomized controlled design, measuring outcomes in terms of changes in problematic drug use up to one year after study recruitment. The eScreen brief Internet intervention for problematic alcohol and drug use offers self-screening, in-depth self-reporting, personalized feedback and treatment recommendations as well as an electronic diary. Progress over time is shown in diagrams detailing consumption levels.
Method: Participants with only problematic drug use according to the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT),(DUDIT >0 for both men and women) or both problematic alcohol use according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), (AUDIT >7 for men and AUDIT >5 for women) and drug use were randomized to T1 (n=101) or the control group (n=101). Outcomes on alcohol and/or drug use as well as health-related symptoms were assessed after 3, 6 and 12 months.
Hypotheses that were tested in this study are 1) that both groups would reduce their drug consumption and drug-related problems at follow-ups compared to the baseline level and 2) that participants in the eScreen group would reduce their drug consumption and drug-related problems to a higher extent than participants in the control group (no intervention) at follow-ups.
Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of an Internet-based screening and brief intervention (SBI) site for problematic alcohol and drug use among illicit drug users.
Method: Individuals searching for information about alcohol or drugs online who scored over 0 on the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) and were 15 years or older were recruited for this trial and randomized into one group receiving Internet-based screening and brief intervention via eScreen.se(n = 101) or one assessment-only control group (n = 101). Both groups were screened at baseline and followed up at 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome measure was the DUDIT-C score and secondary outcome measures were DUDIT, AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C) and AUDIT scores.Additional outcomes included the proportion of drug abstainers and those who made a clinically significant change in their alcohol and drug use. Four statistical models of analysis were used to conservatively assess results.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| eScreen | Experimental | Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. |
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| Control group | No Intervention | Untreated control group |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| eScreen | Behavioral | Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Drug Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (DUDIT-C) | The primary outcome measure for this trial was the total DUDIT score for the first four DUDIT questions at 3-month follow-up, as a measure of drug consumption only, referred to as the DUDIT-C.The DUDIT-C is a measure including the first four items of the DUDIT, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Regarding the DUDIT-C, you will find information on it in the following articles. Please note that the analyses all refer to the same sample from a randomized controlled trial. Apart from the data in the two articles describing results from the current study, there are additional analyses shown in: Berman, A. H., Wennberg, P., & Sinadinovic, K. (2015). Changes in Mental and Physical Well-Being Among Problematic Alcohol and Drug Users in 12-Month Internet-Based Intervention Trials. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(1), 97-105. doi: 10.1037/a0038420 A higher score means a worse outcome. | 3 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) | The total DUDIT score at 3-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including drug consumption and drug-related problems). The DUDIT, an 11-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 44. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 3 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anne H Berman, PhD | Karolinska Institutet | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karolinska institutet, Department of Clinical Neurosciene | Stockholm | 17176 | Sweden |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20092953 | Background | Sinadinovic K, Berman AH, Hasson D, Wennberg P. Internet-based assessment and self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. Addict Behav. 2010 May;35(5):464-70. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.021. Epub 2010 Jan 4. | |
| 21030164 | Background | Sinadinovic K, Wennberg P, Berman AH. Population screening of risky alcohol and drug use via Internet and Interactive Voice Response (IVR): a feasibility and psychometric study in a random sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 Mar 1;114(1):55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.004. Epub 2010 Oct 27. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Anne H Berman's profile at Uppsala University | View source |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | eScreen | Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. eScreen: Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. |
| FG001 | Control Group | Untreated control group |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-month Follow-up |
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| 6-month Follow-up |
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| 12-month Follow-up |
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All individuals who have registered for the study and registered mandatory baseline data have been included in the baseline analyses.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | eScreen | Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. eScreen: Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. |
| BG001 | Control Group | Untreated control group |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Drug Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (DUDIT-C) | The primary outcome measure for this trial was the total DUDIT score for the first four DUDIT questions at 3-month follow-up, as a measure of drug consumption only, referred to as the DUDIT-C.The DUDIT-C is a measure including the first four items of the DUDIT, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Regarding the DUDIT-C, you will find information on it in the following articles. Please note that the analyses all refer to the same sample from a randomized controlled trial. Apart from the data in the two articles describing results from the current study, there are additional analyses shown in: Berman, A. H., Wennberg, P., & Sinadinovic, K. (2015). Changes in Mental and Physical Well-Being Among Problematic Alcohol and Drug Users in 12-Month Internet-Based Intervention Trials. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(1), 97-105. doi: 10.1037/a0038420 A higher score means a worse outcome. | The analyses have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3 months |
13 months from baseline recruitment.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | eScreen | Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. eScreen: Web based self-monitoring of problematic alcohol and drug use. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr Kristina Sinadinovic | Karolinska Institutet | +46812345735 | kristina.sinadinovic@socialstyrelsen.se |
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| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C) |
The total AUDIT score for the first three AUDIT questions at 3-month follow-up, as a measure of alcohol consumption only, referred to as the AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C, a 3-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. |
| 3 months |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - AUDIT | The total AUDIT score at 3-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of alcohol use (including alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems). The AUDIT, an 10-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 3 months |
| Drug Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (DUDIT-C) | The total DUDIT score for the first four DUDIT questions at 6-month follow-up, as a measure of drug consumption only, referred to as the DUDIT-C.The DUDIT-C is a measure including the first four items of the DUDIT, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 6 months |
| Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) | The total DUDIT score at 6-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including drug consumption and drug-related problems). The DUDIT, an 11-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 44. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 6 months |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) | The total AUDIT score for the first three AUDIT questions at 6-month follow-up, as a measure of alcohol consumption only, referred to as the AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C, a 3-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 6 months |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) | The total AUDIT score at 6-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems). The AUDIT, an 10-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 6 months |
| Drug Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (DUDIT-C) | The total DUDIT score for the first four DUDIT questions at 12-month follow-up, as a measure of drug consumption only, referred to as the DUDIT-C.The DUDIT-C is a measure including the first four items of the DUDIT, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 12 months |
| Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) | The total DUDIT score at 12-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including drug consumption and drug-related problems). The DUDIT, an 11-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 44. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 12 months |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) | The total AUDIT score for the first three AUDIT questions at 12-month follow-up, as a measure of alcohol consumption only, referred to as the AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C, a 3-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 12 months |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) | The total AUDIT score at 12-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems). The AUDIT, an 10-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | 12 months |
| 22613182 | Result | Sinadinovic K, Wennberg P, Berman AH. Targeting problematic users of illicit drugs with Internet-based screening and brief intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012 Nov 1;126(1-2):42-50. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.016. Epub 2012 May 20. |
| 24650825 | Result | Sinadinovic K, Wennberg P, Berman AH. Internet-based screening and brief intervention for illicit drug users: a randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014 Mar;75(2):313-8. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.313. |
| Web based self-monitoring site | View source |
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| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
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| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Secondary | Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) | The total DUDIT score at 3-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including drug consumption and drug-related problems). The DUDIT, an 11-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 44. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3 months |
|
|
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| Secondary | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C) | The total AUDIT score for the first three AUDIT questions at 3-month follow-up, as a measure of alcohol consumption only, referred to as the AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C, a 3-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3 months |
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|
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| Secondary | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - AUDIT | The total AUDIT score at 3-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of alcohol use (including alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems). The AUDIT, an 10-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3 months |
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| Secondary | Drug Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (DUDIT-C) | The total DUDIT score for the first four DUDIT questions at 6-month follow-up, as a measure of drug consumption only, referred to as the DUDIT-C.The DUDIT-C is a measure including the first four items of the DUDIT, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 6 months |
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|
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| Secondary | Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) | The total DUDIT score at 6-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including drug consumption and drug-related problems). The DUDIT, an 11-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 44. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 6 months |
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|
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| Secondary | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) | The total AUDIT score for the first three AUDIT questions at 6-month follow-up, as a measure of alcohol consumption only, referred to as the AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C, a 3-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 6 months |
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| Secondary | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) | The total AUDIT score at 6-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems). The AUDIT, an 10-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 6 months |
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| Secondary | Drug Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (DUDIT-C) | The total DUDIT score for the first four DUDIT questions at 12-month follow-up, as a measure of drug consumption only, referred to as the DUDIT-C.The DUDIT-C is a measure including the first four items of the DUDIT, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 12 months |
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| Secondary | Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) | The total DUDIT score at 12-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including drug consumption and drug-related problems). The DUDIT, an 11-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 44. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 12 months |
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| Secondary | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) | The total AUDIT score for the first three AUDIT questions at 12-month follow-up, as a measure of alcohol consumption only, referred to as the AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C, a 3-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 12 months |
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| Secondary | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) | The total AUDIT score at 12-month follow-up, as a summarized measure of drug use (including alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems). The AUDIT, an 10-item scale, has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 40. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. | The analyzes have been carried out according to both the Intention To Treat method (ITT) and according to Per protocols method (PP). Where possible, missing values were imputed with last observation carried backwards. In cases where no follow-up data were available, the last observation was carried forward. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 12 months |
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| 0 |
| 101 |
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| 101 |
| EG001 | Control Group | Untreated control group | 0 | 101 | 0 | 101 |
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