Investigation of Pain and Anxiety During Electrodiagnostic Examination Using Self-selected Music

Investigation of Pain and Anxiety During Electrodiagnostic Examination Using Self-selected Music

The investigators hypothesized that self-selected music played during electrodiagnosis is effective in relieving the discomfort caused by the procedures.

Inclusion Criteria:

Investigators recruited volunteer patient participants from patients referred to the electrodiagnosis laboratory of Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in a medical center using convenient sampling.

The inclusion criterion is:

• adult patient with working diagnosis of possible neurological disorder and
• is referred for both nerve conduction study and needle electromyography

Exclusion Criteria:

The exclusion criteria are:

• conscious disturbances,
• cognitive impairment, or
• language dysfunction.