Rate Ventricular Control Therapy in Patients With Permanent Atrial Fibrillation

Rate Ventricular Control Therapy by Implantable Continuous Monitor in Patients With Permanent Atrial Fibrillation

The investigators hypothesized that very lenient rate control is not inferior to strict or lenient rate control assessed by implantable continuous ECG monitor for preventing cardiovascular hospitalization and mortality in patients with long-standing persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation

Inclusion Criteria:

• Long-standing persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation
• Mean resting heart rate > 80 beats per minute with or without rate control medication
• Age < 70 years old
• Constant use of anticoagulation therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation
• Non-stable heart failure or > III NYHA FC
• Indications for IPG/CRT/ICD
• Thyroid dysfunction
• Inability to walk or bike.