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This is a randomized control trial (meaning the selection is random as when flipping a coin) to assess the benefit of paravertebral blockade (PVB) in Percutaneous nephrolithotomy/nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) surgery.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy/nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is an effective treatment that offers maximal physical removal of large kidney stones. However, despite the minimally invasive nature of the procedure, postoperative pain still remains a significant concern. General anaesthetic (solution given to put the patient to sleep) for the procedure is routinely given, along with a local anaesthetic injection at the operative site (injection of anaesthetic solution to the incision area to reduce the pain after the procedure) and pain pills to reduce the pain even further after surgery. Paravertebral nerve blockade (PVB) is a technique for inserting anesthetic solution into an area near the vertebrae (bony segments that form the spinal column of humans or backbone), and is an effective method for reducing pain in the post operative period from a variety of surgeries.
The investigators expect that the PVB can decrease side effects from opioids (pain medication) and other analgesics used post-operatively. Opioid side effects include nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, constipation, and drowsiness. Other side effects associated with anaesthetic use include peptic ulcer disease and acute renal failure. The investigators also expect that PVB will result in decreased post-operative pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| A1 (PVB) | Experimental | PVB technique will be utilized for injection of the anaesthetic under the skin before the procedure. |
|
| A2 (Placebo) | Placebo Comparator | The placebo is an inactive substance that looks identical to the test intervention but contains no active ingredients and will be administered the same as the PVB by a local skin injection, but no advancement of the needle to the paravertebral space will be made to avoid unnecessary risks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paravertebral Block (PVB) | Other | The T10, T11 and T12 paravertebral spaces on the operative side will be identified with ultrasound in all patients (Sonosite MicroMax, 2-5 MHz curvilinear probe). In the PVB group, a 90mm 22g Tuohy needle will be inserted in-plane with the live ultrasound image over the transverse process at each of these levels and 5 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine will be injected at each level. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Opioid consumption | 24 hours post-operative, one week post-operatively |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postoperative pain measured by a visual analogue scale, length of hospital stay, and follow-up for the post operative course for complications | The pain scores at each of the specific time will be compared between the PVB and no PVB arms. So we will look for differences in pain between the PVB and no-PVB group at one hour, than separately at 6 hours and than at 24 hours. Differences for each time will be looked at different time (at 1 hr than at 6 hrs than at 24 hours post-op). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ben Chew, MD,MSc,FRCSC | University of British Columbia | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stone Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Jim Pattison Pavilion | Vancouver | British Columbia | Canada |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D053040 | Nephrolithiasis |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012965 | Sodium Chloride |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002712 | Chlorides |
| D006851 | Hydrochloric Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
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|
| Saline | Other | Ultrasonography and local infiltration of saline will only be performed |
|
| 1, 6, and 24 hours post-operatively |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052878 | Urolithiasis |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D017670 |
| Sodium Compounds |