not enough manpower

The primary objective of this study is to compare ultrasound versus nerve stimulator techniques for nerve localization when performing peripheral nerve blocks. Specifically the investigators will be performing Popliteal, Femoral, and Interscalene nerve blocks. The investigators will be looking for differences in 1) time taken to locate the target nerve and inject local anesthetic 2) time from injection of local anesthetic to adequate surgical anesthesia 3) effectiveness of block 4) incidence of vascular puncture 5) incidence of adverse events 6) patient satisfaction.

After obtaining informed consent, subjects will be randomized to either the ultrasound or nerve stimulator groups as the method for nerve localization prior to peripheral block placement.

Inclusion Criteria:

• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical status I-III
• Arthroscopic knee surgery or Lower leg/foot surgery as well as shoulder arthroscopy
• Outpatient status
• Patient preference for a regional anesthetic
• Subjects should be capable of giving informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Allergy to:

  • Local anesthetics
  • Hydromorphone
  • Propofol
  • Midazolam

• Patient refusal

• Infection at the injection site

• Peripheral Neuropathy

Patients 18 years of age or older undergoing outpatient knee arthroscopy or lower leg/foot surgery as well as shoulder arthroscopy.