Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| WaterAid | OTHER |
| Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar | OTHER |
| Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation | OTHER |
| International Initiative for Impact Evaluation |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The study is a cluster-randomized, controlled trial conducted among 100 villages (including approximately 3500 households and 20,000 people) in Puri district, State of Orissa, India. The study aims to assess the impact of the construction and use of latrines in rural settings on diarrhoeal disease, helminth infections and nutritional status. The study will also report on the cost and cost-effectiveness of the intervention and its impact on lost days at school and work as well as on expenditures on drugs and medical treatment. The study will document how the intervention actually impacts exposure to human excreta along principal transmission pathways by evaluating the impact on (i) faecal contamination of drinking water, (ii) the presence of mechanical vectors (flies) in food preparation areas, and (iii) the presence of faeces in and around participating households and villages. The study will also explore the extent to which different levels of acquisition and use of on-site sanitation among householders impact disease throughout the community.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sanitation intervention | Active Comparator |
| |
| Control | No Intervention |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provision of household latrines | Behavioral | WaterAid and local NGO partners mobilize householders in target villages to construct and use latrines in accordance with the Government of India's Total Sanitation Campaign. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Diarrhoea (<5s) | Longitudinal prevalence of diarrhoea (7-day period prevalence) measured repeatedly every 3 months over a 21-month follow-up period. Diarrhoea is defined according to the WHO definition (three of more stools passed in 24 hrs) | 21 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Soil-transmitted helminth infection | Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infection at the end of the follow-up period | baseline and endline |
| Weight-for-age (<5s) | Weight of children <5 is recorded at each diarrhoea surveillance visit (every 3 months over the 21-month follow-up). Weight-for-age Z (WAZ) scores are calculated using the WHO growth standards. WAZ is used a proxy indicator of recent diarrhoea. |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Village level:
Household level:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Thomas Clasen, PhD | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xavier Institute of Management | Bhubaneswar | Odisha | India |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28511653 | Derived | Routray P, Torondel B, Jenkins MW, Clasen T, Schmidt WP. Processes and challenges of community mobilisation for latrine promotion under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in rural Odisha, India. BMC Public Health. 2017 May 16;17(1):453. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4382-9. | |
| 27496512 | Derived | Freeman MC, Majorin F, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Clasen T. The impact of a rural sanitation programme on safe disposal of child faeces: a cluster randomised trial in Odisha, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Jul;110(7):386-92. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trw043. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003967 | Diarrhea |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012817 | Signs and Symptoms, Digestive |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
| OTHER |
| Department for International Development, United Kingdom | OTHER_GOV |
| University of California, Davis | OTHER |
| Emory University | OTHER |
| Asian Institute of Public Health | OTHER |
| Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology | OTHER |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| 21 months |
| lost days at school and work | 21 months |
| healthcare expenditure | 21 months |
| latrine coverage and use | 21 months |
| bacteriological water quality | 21 months |
| fly counts | 21 months |
| Height-for-age | Recumbent length measured for children <2 at baseline and endline following standardised procedures for anthropometric assessment. | baseline and endline |
| Diarrhoea (all ages) | Longitudinal prevalence of diarrhoea (7-day period prevalence) measured repeatedly every 3 months over a 21-month follow-up period. Diarrhoea is defined according to the WHO definition (passage of three or more loose stools in 24 hrs). | 21 months |
| 25442689 | Derived | Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt WP. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Nov;2(11):e645-53. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9. Epub 2014 Oct 9. |
| 25084699 | Derived | Boisson S, Sosai P, Ray S, Routray P, Torondel B, Schmidt WP, Bhanja B, Clasen T. Promoting latrine construction and use in rural villages practicing open defecation: process evaluation in connection with a randomised controlled trial in Orissa, India. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Aug 1;7:486. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-486. |