Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Stability in Non-Culprit Vessels at ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction(STEMI)

Fractional Flow Reserve Stability Study of Non-culprit Vessels in Patients With ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

It has been shown that if it can be accomplished within a 90 minute "door to balloon" time, opening an artery in an acute heart attack situation (ST elevation myocardial infarction or STEMI) is best treated with balloon angioplasty and stenting (percutaneous coronary intervention or PCI). In these situations, there may be narrowings other than the one causing the heart attack (culprit) and studies have shown that delaying treatment of other narrowings for follow-up procedure is better than intervening at the time of the acute MI.

Prompt, sustained and complete reperfusion of the myocardium supplied by the infarct related artery (IRA) remains the cornerstone of therapy for the treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although reperfusion can be achieved using fibrinolytic agents, it is generally accepted that primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is preferable, with the caveat that it be performed promptly by experienced personnel.

It has been observed that up to 74% of patients with STEMI have evidence of multi-vessel disease (MVD) during angiography. The presence of MVD is independently associated with worse clinical outcomes and the presence of MVD at the time of STEMI is predictive of the need for future revascularization within 1 year, with over half of these repeat procedures driven by the development of unstable coronary syndromes 8. However, retrospective analyses have determined that immediate intervention upon non-culprit vessels (NCV) in addition to the IRA is associated with worse clinical outcomes compared to a strategy of intervening upon the IRA alone. Furthermore, small studies have shown no increase in mortality associated with a strategy with delayed (7 day) intervention of NCV compared to a strategy of intervening on the IRA alone. Accordingly, it is considered inappropriate to intervene upon non-culprit arteries in the absence of demonstrable ischemia following successful revascularization of the IRA in the setting of STEMI 11 and the 2007 ACC/AHA STEMI guidelines give a Class IIb recommendation for delayed intervention upon a hemodynamically significant NCV >24 hours after the index STEMI.

However, the guidelines do not provide guidance regarding how to define hemodynamic significance of the NCV, nor do they speak to the exact timing of when NCV revascularization should be performed after the initial 24 hours. Indeed, this ambiguity is reflected in local practice within the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority (R. Boone, personal communication), with some interventional cardiologists performing NCV revascularization during the index hospitalization prior to patient discharge, while others bring patients back within 6-8 weeks of the index STEMI for a "staged", elective revascularization of the NCV. Finally, other cardiologists will defer NCV revascularization entirely in the absence of recurrent ischemia.

There remains significant doubt as to the most appropriate treatment strategy for the STEMI patient who is found to have MVD. Unfortunately, this clinical dilemma is made more difficult by the observation that the angiographic and clinical assessment of the NCV remains imprecise in the STEMI setting. It remains unclear whether or not traditional angiographic assessment of the NCV is reliable over time following an index myocardial infarction, or if it can be used to reliably guide decision making for revascularization of NCV in the setting of STEMI. In one study, only 10% of lesions judged by visual assessment of the coronary angiogram to require NCV PCI following STEMI, were noted to be angiographically significant by quantitative coronary angiography at the time of the index angiogram 12. Finally, prior studies have demonstrated that the severity of non culprit lesions were found to be significantly exaggerated using traditional angiography at the time of the index MI. A study of 548 patients with acute MI and MVD revealed that 21% of NCV lesions initially thought to be >50% at the time of the index MI were found to be <50% at the time of subsequent angiography. Accordingly, there is significant interest in finding alternate means of assessing clinically and angiographically significant lesions in the setting of both stable and unstable coronary syndromes.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a simple, reliable and reproducible physiological index of lesion severity. It is defined as the ratio between coronary artery pressure distal to a stenosis and aortic root pressure, measured following maximal dilation of the distal coronary resistance vessels. FFR is a reliable index of maximal achievable coronary flow. An FFR of <0.8 identifies ischemia-causing coronary stenoses with >90% accuracy. Conversely, lesions deemed nonsignificant by FFR can be safely treated medically with an annual rate of death or myocardial infarction of <1%. Recently, an FFR guided strategy for elective PCI was found to be superior to a strategy of coronary intervention guided by angiography alone. FFR has also been found to be a reliable modality for the hemodynamic assessment of coronary lesions in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, with a similar correlation between FFR and percent diameter stenosis of coronary vessels in the acute infarct setting compared to FFR amongst matched controls undergoing elective PCI. Additionally, FFR correlates well with the identification of residual reversible perfusion abnormalities shortly following an index myocardial infarction (MI). However, it remains unknown if an abnormal FFR of a NCV remains stable following an acute STEMI.

We are proposing a study to determine the precision and stability of FFR as a measure of lesion severity in NCV in patients undergoing clinically indicated revascularization of the culprit vessel in the setting of STEMI. Our hypothesis is that FFR will remain stable over time within myocardium that is not subtended by the infarct related artery. We believe FFR can potentially serve as a reliable and safe angiographic tool to guide delayed revascularization decisions for non-culprit vessels amongst STEMI patients with MVD.

STUDY SCHEMA Following successful revascularization of the IRA, patients deemed to be appropriate for a delayed revascularization procedure on a NCV (ie not during the index hospitalization) will undergo FFR of the NCV during the index catheterization. Consent for the FFR will be obtained prior to successful revascularization of the IRA. Patients with NCV stenoses who are brought back for planned elective revascularization of the NCV lesion(s), according to usual clinical practice following revascularization of the culprit lesion, will undergo repeat FFR on the NCV prior to planned revascularization. Patients who are deemed appropriate to undergo intervention on the NCV during the index hospitalization for clinical reasons will not be eligible for inclusion in this analysis.

ENDPOINTS The primary endpoint of this study will be the comparison of initial and repeat FFR of a NCV amongst STEMI patients with MVD deemed appropriate for delayed revascularization of the NCV. This study will not stipulate the timing of NCV revascularization; this decision will be made by the treating interventional cardiologist. However it is expected that most patients will undergo NCV revascularization within 4 to 8 weeks following the index hospital stay. Patients who require in-hospital revascularization of the NCV during the index hospitalization will not be enrolled into this study. Secondary endpoints of the trial will be the comparison of baseline and repeat FFR with digital subtraction quantitative angiography of the NCV. Tertiary endpoints will be the evaluation of major adverse cardiac events amongst enrolled patients through to the repeat procedure.

CLINICAL IMPACT We believe that the results of this proposed study could result in significant changes in the management of STEMI. A potential finding that FFR is a durable method of assessing the severity of the NCV in the setting of STEMI could lead to a shift towards the use of this technology to guide decision making for revascularization in acute coronary syndromes, similar to the paradigm shift seen in elective PCI following the publication of the FAME trial. Furthermore, our study will expand upon our understanding of the angiographic behaviour of nonculprit vessels in the setting of STEMI, which may serve to change future recommendations regarding revascularization decisions amongst patients with MVD who present with acute myocardial infarction

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Any patient >18 years of age with an acute STEMI eligible for primary PCI
2. Readily identifiable culprit vessel and at least one other (non-culprit) vessel of a least >50% severity by traditional angiography
3. Deemed appropriate for a strategy of delayed revascularization of the NCV.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Inability to provide informed consent
2. Cardiogenic shock or severe (Killip III) congestive heart failure
3. Hemodynamically significant ventricular arrhythmias
4. Severe recurrent clinically significant ischemia following successful PCI of the IRA
5. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000)
6. Severe anemia (HgB <100 g/L)
7. Major bleeding during hospitalization of the index STEMI