Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Biomedical Research and Training Institute | OTHER |
| Catholic Relief Services | OTHER |
| UNICEF | OTHER |
| Wellcome Trust |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The purpose of this study is to determine whether cash transfers (conditional and unconditional) can improve health and social outcomes amongst children living in vulnerable households in Manicaland, eastern Zimbabwe. The study hypotheses are:
Cash transfer programmes provide cash to families caring for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). Conditional cash transfer programmes require families to comply with conditions relating to child health, education and general social welfare in order to receive the cash.
We plan to evaluate conditional and unconditional cash transfer programmes in Manicaland, eastern Zimbabwe - a predominantly rural area with high HIV prevalence. We will employ a cluster randomised controlled trial design. Ten existing study sites that represent four socio-economic strata - subsistence farming areas, roadside trading settlements, large-scale agricultural estates (tea estates and forestry estates) and small towns - have been identified as part of a separate, ongoing cohort study. Each site has been divided into 3 smaller, socio-economically homogenous clusters providing a total of 30 clusters that will form ten matched triplets. One site from each matched triplet will then be randomly assigned to one of three study arms - conditional cash transfer arm, unconditional cash transfer arm, and standard social services arm.
Data on the primary endpoints will be collected using a rapid, baseline census of all households in the study clusters. This will take approximately 3 months to complete. The cash transfer programmes will commence, in the appropriate intervention arms, shortly after completion of baseline data collection. A similar follow-up census will take place two years after initiation of the intervention.
The cash transfer interventions will be delivered by a local NGO called Diocese of Mutare Community Care Programme (DOMCCP), who work in partnership with Catholic Relief Services Zimbabwe. The baseline and follow-up censuses will be managed and conducted by the Biomedical Research and Training Institute Zimbabwe (BRTI) and Imperial College London. Data will also be collected from children in a sample of households from each of the study clusters as part of the ongoing Manicaland Cohort Study, which is a parallel study conducted by BRTI and Imperial College London. This data will also be used to evaluate the cash transfer programmes.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional Cash Transfer | Experimental | Vulnerable households in this arm will receive conditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. |
|
| Unconditional Cash Transfer | Experimental | Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. |
|
| Control | Other | Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional Cash Transfer | Other | Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions:
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Children Under 5 Years in Vulnerable Households That Have a Birth Certificate | 1 year | |
| Proportion of Children Under 5 Years in Vulnerable Households That Have Up-to-date Vaccinations | 1 year | |
| Proportion of Children Aged 6-12 Years That Attended Primary School 80% of Days in the Last Month | 1 year |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Children Aged 13-17 Years That Attended Secondary School 80% of Days in the Last Month | 1 year |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
A household will be defined as vulnerable and thereby eligible for inclusion in the programme if there are children <18 years resident in the household at baseline AND
A household will be defined as individuals that live within the same homestead and eat from the same pot.
Exclusion Criteria:
Households already receiving cash transfers for orphans or vulnerable children (OVC) will not be eligible to enroll in the pilot programme.
During the trial, households that do not qualify at baseline but whose conditions later change such that they become eligible to participate in the pilot will not be able to enroll.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Laura Robertson, MSc | Imperial College London | Principal Investigator |
| Simon Gregson, DPhil | Imperial College London | Principal Investigator |
| Constance Nyamukapa, PhD | Imperial College London | Principal Investigator |
| Shungu Munyati, MSc | Biomedical Research and Training Institute | Principal Investigator |
| Phyllis Mushati, MSc | Biomedical Research and Training Institute | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomedical Research and Training Institute | Harare | Zimbabwe |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24748713 | Background | Robertson L, Mushati P, Skovdal M, Eaton JW, Makoni JC, Crea T, Mavise G, Dumba L, Schumacher C, Sherr L, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Involving Communities in the Targeting of Cash Transfer Programs for Vulnerable Children: Opportunities and Challenges. World Dev. 2014 Feb;54(100):325-337. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.09.002. | |
| 23103074 |
Not provided
Not provided
The enrolment number (4043) represents the total number of Households enrolled in the study
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Conditional Cash Transfer | Vulnerable households in this arm will receive conditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions:
|
| FG001 | Unconditional Cash Transfer | Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. |
| FG002 | Control | Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Conditional Cash Transfer | Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions:
Other procedures will be the same as in the unconditional cash transfer arm. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Proportion of Children Under 5 Years in Vulnerable Households That Have a Birth Certificate | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 year |
|
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Conditional Cash Transfer | Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions:
Other procedures will be as described for the unconditional cash transfer arm. |
Not provided
Not provided
The study was done shortly after a period of economic crisis in Zimbabwe which may limit this generalizability.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professor Simon Gregson | Imperial College London | +4402075943279 | 2075943279 | Sajgregson@aol.com |
Not provided
| OTHER |
| World Bank | OTHER |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| Unconditional Cash Transfers | Other | Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. |
|
| Standard Agricultural Package | Other | A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. |
|
| Parenting Skills Classes | Other | 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. |
|
| Robertson L, Mushati P, Eaton JW, Sherr L, Makoni JC, Skovdal M, Crea T, Mavise G, Dumba L, Schumacher C, Munyati S, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Household-based cash transfer targeting strategies in Zimbabwe: are we reaching the most vulnerable children? Soc Sci Med. 2012 Dec;75(12):2503-8. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.031. Epub 2012 Oct 5. |
| 23453283 | Result | Robertson L, Mushati P, Eaton JW, Dumba L, Mavise G, Makoni J, Schumacher C, Crea T, Monasch R, Sherr L, Garnett GP, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Effects of unconditional and conditional cash transfers on child health and development in Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013 Apr 13;381(9874):1283-92. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62168-0. Epub 2013 Feb 27. |
| 26017676 | Result | Crea TM, Reynolds AD, Sinha A, Eaton JW, Robertson LA, Mushati P, Dumba L, Mavise G, Makoni JC, Schumacher CM, Nyamukapa CA, Gregson S. Effects of cash transfers on Children's health and social protection in Sub-Saharan Africa: differences in outcomes based on orphan status and household assets. BMC Public Health. 2015 May 28;15:511. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1857-4. |
| 24019380 | Result | Skovdal M, Robertson L, Mushati P, Dumba L, Sherr L, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Acceptability of conditions in a community-led cash transfer programme for orphaned and vulnerable children in Zimbabwe. Health Policy Plan. 2014 Oct;29(7):809-17. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czt060. Epub 2013 Sep 9. |
| 23587136 | Result | Skovdal M, Mushati P, Robertson L, Munyati S, Sherr L, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Social acceptability and perceived impact of a community-led cash transfer programme in Zimbabwe. BMC Public Health. 2013 Apr 15;13:342. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-342. |
| 26899880 | Result | Fenton R, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S, Robertson L, Mushati P, Thomas R, Eaton JW. Wealth differentials in the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on education: findings from a community-randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe. Psychol Health Med. 2016 Dec;21(8):909-17. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2016.1140903. Epub 2016 Feb 22. |
| 33097016 | Derived | Schaefer R, Thomas R, Robertson L, Eaton JW, Mushati P, Nyamukapa C, Hauck K, Gregson S. Spillover HIV prevention effects of a cash transfer trial in East Zimbabwe: evidence from a cluster-randomised trial and general-population survey. BMC Public Health. 2020 Oct 23;20(1):1599. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09667-5. |
| BG001 | Unconditional Cash Transfer | Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. |
| BG002 | Control | Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Data on sex are only available for the age-groups to which the primary outcomes and conditions applied - i.e. 0-4 year-olds for birth registration and vaccinations; and 6-17 year-olds for school attendance. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | Unconditional Cash Transfer | Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. |
| OG002 | Control | Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. |
|
|
| Primary | Proportion of Children Under 5 Years in Vulnerable Households That Have Up-to-date Vaccinations | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 year |
|
|
|
| Primary | Proportion of Children Aged 6-12 Years That Attended Primary School 80% of Days in the Last Month | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 year |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Children Aged 13-17 Years That Attended Secondary School 80% of Days in the Last Month | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 year |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 3,660 |
| 0 |
| 3,660 |
| EG001 | Unconditional Cash Transfer | Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. | 0 | 3,976 | 0 | 3,976 |
| EG002 | Control | Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster. | 0 | 3,169 | 0 | 3,169 |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
| Male |
|