The prevalence of chronic respiratory failure (CRF) is increasing worldwide and will become the 3rd cause of death by 2020. At the stage of the disease requiring ventilatory assistance, this relates to 50,000 patients in France, life expectancy is very limited, and quality of life is poor.

CRF led to a reduction in muscle mass, which is found in 35 and 55% of patients, in some to a profound cachexia. A reduced fat free mass (FFM) is a factor associated with a poor tolerance to exercise and an halved survival. The exact causes and mechanisms leading to cachexia are not yet established. Recently, a chronic inflammatory condition has been quoted as a putative cause. This chronic inflammation would involve the molecular mechanisms leading to poor regulation of the balance of synthesis / protein degradation in muscle. A decrease in plasma and muscle amino acids was found among patients with a low FFM.. In addition, a decrease of plasma levels of some anabolic hormones, GH and androgens or IGF-1 has been found that could explain a lack of protein synthesis.

It is now well established that respiratory rehabilitation, including a program of exercise reconditioning, increases tolerance to exercise and improve the quality of life. Besides the classical type of endurance exercises stimulating the cardio-respiratory system, it is suggested to add resistance exercises. Several studies have reported the benefit of this strategy but the link with intracellular molecular pathways has not been described; moreover, it is unknown whether the existence of an initial muscular atrophy influences the gain in muscle strength/mass.

We therefore propose to explore the effect of a rehabilitation program including endurance and resistance exercises on muscle biopsies.

The present study should help to know the molecular pathways implicated in muscle atrophy in CRF patients and to assess their evolution with rehabilitation. This could lead to individualized recommendation for exercise program according to the muscle mass of the patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Prescription of an exercise training program as part of a respiratory rehabilitation
• Existence of an obstructive ventilatory deficit
• Signature of written consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exacerbation of COPD
• Patient with a long-term oxygen therapy
• Active smoker
• Lower limb locomotor limitation preventing to achieve the full respiratory rehabilitation program
• Lower limbs arteritis
• Myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism of less than 3 months
• Long term anticoagulant
• Type 1 diabetes