Primary objective:

• To investigate whether physical exercise prior to pregnancy in formerly preeclamptic women results in a comparable improvement of vascular and endothelial functioning as in women who had an uneventful pregnancy.

Secondary objectives:

• Which cardiovascular and endothelial parameters are involved in the vascular adaptation to training in women with a history of preeclampsia.
• To study the vascular adaptation in the (next) pregnancy in women with a history of preeclampsia compared with women with a history of an uncomplicated pregnancy, after improvement of their physical condition by exercise training.

This study is important in order to get a better understanding of the vascular and endothelial factors involved in preeclampsia and the effects of training on this profile. Results of this study can contribute to the improvement of preventing hypertensive complications in pregnancy and reduction of life time risk of cardiovascular disease in formerly preeclamptic women.

In the Netherlands almost 15.000 women each year develop hypertensive complications like preeclampsia during their first pregnancy. In the western world these complications account for the most substantial attribution to neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The exact etiology of this disease cascade is still unknown. There is accumulating evidence that subclinical abnormalities and preexistent haemodynamic, haemostatic and endothelial factors are involved, and thought to have negative impact on placental and endothelial functioning. The same factors are found to be risk factors for cardiovascular incidents and therefore it is not surprising that remotely these women are more at risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Plasma volume has possibly a central role in the disease cascade, resulting in decreased cardiovascular reserve capacity. Furthermore a low plasma volume is found to be a strong predictor for recurrence of hypertensive complicated pregnancy. Adaptation, like in pregnancy, is for a large extent depending on the functioning of the venous compartment. In formerly preeclamptic women with low plasma volume is the venous compliance and capacitance decreased, furthermore there is sympathic hyperactivity. This combination reflects a decreased cardiovascular reserve capacity. These women with low plasma volume show a reduced ability to adapt their cardiovascular system to a new pregnancy.

It is known that physical exercise increases plasma volume in healthy adults, also arterial and both venous compliance and capacitance is improved by exercise. Since abnormal circulatory functions are common in formerly preeclamptic women, we want to study the effects of exercise in this specific group, and compare these results with women after an uneventful pregnancy. In preventive perspective it would be beneficial that also formerly preeclamptic women show a circulatory adaption to aerobic exercise, possibly they could improve their haemodynamic profile prior to their pregnancy

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients: formerly preeclamptic women with history of preeclampsia (according to set criteria)
• controls: women with history of an uneventful pregnancy All women are examined at least 5 months postpartum;

Exclusion Criteria:

• pregnancy
• insulin dependant diabetes mellitus
• use of medication known to interfere with cardiovascular system
• incapability to cope with physical exercise
• auto immune disease