A measure of functional recovery: A GOS-E score of 1 indicates death, 2 indicates a vegetative state, 3 or 4 indicates severe disability, 5 or 6 indicates moderate disability, and 7 or 8 indicates good recovery. Favorable outcome was defined via stratified dichotomy based on the severity of the initial injury. For subjects with a severe injury, a GOS-E of 3 or higher were considered to be a favorable outcome; for subjects with moderate-to-severe injury, a GOS-E of 5 or higher was considered to be a favorable outcome; for subjects with a moderate injury, a GOS-E of 7 or higher was considered to be a favorable outcome.

The primary analysis was conducted according to intention to treat.

A measure of functional impairment, with complete recovery scored a 0 and vegetative state scored a 29.

Phlebitis/Thrombophlebitis (not due to infiltration or misplacement of the IV)

Pulmonary embolism - Events were defined based on either positive chest computed tomography (CT) scanning or ventilation/perfusion lung scan (V/Q).

Acute ischemic stroke - Events were defined based on either positive computed tomography (CT) scanning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or neurologist diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

DVT - Events were defined based on a positive Doppler ultrasound exam

Unexplained increased liver enzymes (e.g. not due to liver injury ) - Events were defined based on aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels > 500 U/L and/or total bilirubin levels > 2.0 mg/dL.

Sepsis - Events must have met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of sepsis. The definition includes that a patient ≤1 year of age has at least 1 of the following clinical signs or symptoms with no other recognized cause: fever (>38°C rectal), hypothermia (<37°C rectal), apnea, or bradycardia, and blood culture not done or no organisms detected in blood and no apparent infection at another site and physician institutes treatment for sepsis.

Events must have met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of pneumonia. There are three specific types of pneumonia: clinically defined pneumonia, pneumonia with specific laboratory findings, and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. There are specific algorithms to identify each pneumonia, which include x-ray findings, fever with no other cause, leukopenia or leukocytosis, altered mental status with no other cause (adults >70 years old), new onset of purulent sputum, change in character of sputum, increase respiratory secretions, increase suctioning requirements, new onset or worsening cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, rales, bronchial breath sounds, or worsening gas exchange, increased oxygen requirements, or increased ventilator demand). Also, labs can identify pneumonia such as positive growth in blood culture, positive Gram stain, and histopathologic exam evidence.

CNS infection - Events must have met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of CNS infection. The definition includes intracranial infection, Meningitis, ventriculitis, and spinal abscess without meningitis.

Myocardial infarction - Events were defined based on serial cardiac enzyme elevation consistent with MI and/or new ST elevation on electrocardiogram (ECG) consistent with MI. Potentially associated adverse events (those events which are included as outcome measures) were specifically defined per the protocol, and the classification of an event as a PAAE was determined by the site. The reported name of the associated event, however, was subject to clinical judgement and case details; these were then further coded by the Principal Investigator. Since these data points do not share the same definition, there is no reason to expect perfect concordance. (For example, the potentially associated adverse event of myocardial infarction may include MedDRA codes other than myocardial infarction.)