The purpose of this study is to determine whether cortisol and propranolol are effective in the modulation of stress induced heroin-related retrieval enhancement.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants had to have met DSM-IV criteria for heroin dependence prior to abstinence.

Exclusion Criteria:

• current use of any medications; current DSM-IV diagnosis of any affective, anxiety, or psychotic disorder; current dependence on any substance besides heroin and nicotine (based on DSM-IV criteria); or risk factors for untoward side effects from propranolol and cortisol (i.e., irregular heartbeats, history of cardiogenic shock, history of severe heart failure, asthma, fungal Infections, hyperlipidemia, history of hypertension, or abnormal ECG or other laboratory findings).