A Randomized Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Pulmonary Vein Isolation as Adjunct to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Pulmonary Vein Isolation as Adjunct to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an irregular heart rhythm that occurs in 30% to 40% of patients following heart surgery. This irregular heart rhythm, although often self-limiting, can be cause for concern. AF is associated with a two-fold increase in patient complications and mortality after heart surgery. During AF, the heart muscle does not contract properly causing the blood flow through the heart to slow down potentially forming clots. A clot may then enter the blood stream and be carried to the brain, possibly causing a stroke. Patients in persistent AF require blood thinners to prevent strokes, and this carries its own bleeding risks especially in elderly patients.
Patients in AF after heart surgery spend twice as many days in the intensive care unit and 3 to 4 more days in the hospital, hence the impact on hospital resources is quite significant. Various medications are used to prevent AF after heart surgery but they are unable to completely prevent this complication and the medications have associated side effects. In an effort to optimize the care of heart surgery patients, strategies set on eliminating the onset of AF after surgery, as opposed to trying to control AF with less than effective medications, is a necessity.
We are proposing a study to determine if isolating the misfiring areas that cause AF at the time of bypass surgery in high-risk patients will decrease the occurrence of AF following heart surgery. Consenting patients will be randomized to one of two groups. Group 1 will undergo bypass surgery plus the additional procedure of pulmonary vein isolation and Group 2 will undergo bypass surgery only, without the additional procedure. Four staff cardiac surgeons at the London Health Sciences Centre will perform all surgeries. Patients will be seen postoperatively every six months and will be followed for a two-year period. The occurrence of AF will be recorded as well as other complications and lengths of hospital stay. We predict that the group with the additional pulmonary vein isolation procedure to prevent AF will have a much lower occurrence of this complication. If this is found to be beneficial, this will significantly decrease the complications and mortality associated with heart surgery. This will have a profound effect in the delivery of care to patients with coronary artery disease and other forms of heart disease.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a well recognized postoperative complication associated with cardiac surgery occurring in approximately 30% to 40% of patients. AF occurs most frequently within 24 to 72 hours after surgery. Even though postoperative AF is often a short-lived, self-limiting complication, it is associated with a two-fold increase in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Patients are often symptomatic due to irregular and/or rapid ventricular rates and complain of palpitations, anxiety, and diminished physical capacity. Postoperative AF is associated with increased incidence of other complications and increased hospital length of stay and overall costs. Patients may also develop congestive heart failure and hemodynamic instability as a result of this complication. As a result of stasis in the left atrium, the risk of thromboembolic complications is increased and the incidence of postoperative stroke is increased. Patients with persistent AF have a 13-fold higher hospital stroke rate than patients without persistent AF. Further morbidity is added in patients requiring anticoagulation if AF lasts greater than 48 hours. Elderly patients requiring anticoagulation have a significantly increased risk of hemorrhagic complications. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias is also increased in patients in whom AF develops after cardiac operations.
Postoperative AF has an immense impact on both the cardiac surgery patient and hospital resources. One study determined that patients developing AF after cardiac surgery spend about twice as many days in the Intensive Care Unit as patients without AF, and their hospital stay is extended by 3-4 days.Strategies aimed at preventing postoperative AF are necessary to optimize the postoperative care of patients undergoing open heart operations. A large number of clinical trials have evaluated the effectiveness of various pharmacologic modalities in decreasing rates of AF following cardiac surgery. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that beta blockers, sotalol and amiodarone all reduce the risk of postoperative AF with no marked difference between them. However, neither agent completely eliminated the occurrence of postoperative AF. In the largest available beta blocker prevention trial, metoprolol decreased the prevalence of postoperative AF from 39% to 31%.
The mechanism of AF following cardiac surgery is not well understood, but possible etiologies include rapid firing from an ectopic focus and multiple reentrant circuits within the atria to propagate this rhythm. It has been discovered that in chronic and paroxysmal AF, the pulmonary veins and the surrounding ostial areas frequently contain focal triggers or re-entrant circuits critical to the initiation of AF. In a study of 45 patients with frequent episodes of AF refractory to drug therapy, 94% of ectopic beats responsible for instigating AF were located in the pulmonary veins. Studies have shown that these foci are responsive to radiofrequency ablation. Although it has never been used in the prevention of postoperative AF, circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) is a technique that has shown much success in the treatment of AF. In CPVA, radiofrequency lesions are created around the ostia of each pulmonary vein, with the aim to electrically isolate these veins from the left atrium. In one study, 26 patients with resistant AF were treated with CPVA and 64% had sinus rhythm restoration during ablation. In addition, 85% of patients were free of AF at 9 months, with 62% no longer requiring antiarrhythmic drugs and 23% taking drugs that had been ineffective before ablation. Radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation with electro-anatomic guidance is a safe and effective treatment of AF.
Recently, Medtronic has developed the Cardioblate® BP and BP 2 Surgical Ablation System devices (Minneapolis, MN) to perform pulmonary vein isolation to treat AF. Vichol et al have demonstrated a mean ablation time of 15.2 seconds per lesion with the use of this device.
It is clearly evident that postoperative AF increases morbidity, length of hospital stay, and costs associated with surgical coronary artery revascularization. The current prophylactic agents are not completely effective at eliminating the occurrence of postoperative AF. It has been shown that pulmonary vein isolation is an effective method of treating patients with chronic AF. We propose a study to determine if performing pulmonary vein isolation with the Cardioblate® BP 2 as an adjunct in those patients undergoing routine coronary artery bypass surgery, who are at increased risk of developing postoperative AF, will significantly reduce the occurrence of this complication.
If pulmonary vein isolation is found to considerably decrease the incidence of postoperative AF, the associated morbidity will also be decreased. This will have a very profound effect in the delivery of care to patients with ischemic heart disease.
Study Question/Purpose:
In patients at an increased risk of developing postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting, does pulmonary vein isolation with Cardioblate® BP 2 result in a decreased incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation when compared to those patients that do not have this adjunct procedure?
Hypothesis:
Pulmonary vein isolation with Cardioblate® BP 2 will reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting who are at an increased risk of developing postoperative atrial fibrillation.
Sample Size A sample size of 79 patients per group was calculated to detect a reduction in incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation from 40% to 20% using a two-sided α = 0.05 and a power of 80%.
Blinding-The patients, outcome assessors, and data analysts will be blinded to which group the patients belong. Allocation concealment will be practiced and the randomization scheme will not be revealed. Due to the nature of the intervention, it is not possible to blind the surgeon performing the operation.
Trial Implementation
After randomization is complete, the baseline demographic characteristics of all patients will be recorded. Those patients randomized to the control group will undergo coronary bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Those patients randomized to the experimental group will undergo coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (CABG) and pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Medtronic's Cardioblate® BP 2 will be used for the pulmonary vein isolation. The following will take place for each patient:
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: