ChatGPT-Supported Metacognitive Feedback in Nursing Students

Effects of ChatGPT-Supported Metacognitive Feedback on Nursing Students' Clinical Reasoning and Self-Regulated Learning

This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effects of ChatGPT-supported metacognitive feedback on nursing students' metacognitive awareness and self-regulated learning during clinical nursing practice. A total of 140 fourth-year nursing students will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an intervention group or a control group. Students in the intervention group will receive structured ChatGPT-supported metacognitive feedback based on reflective learning prompts, while students in the control group will continue routine clinical education and receive traditional verbal and written feedback from clinical instructors. Data will be collected before and after the intervention using a demographic information form, the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory, and the Self-Regulated Learning Scale in Clinical Nursing Practice. The study is designed as a pretest-posttest parallel-group randomized controlled trial.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 years or older
• Being a fourth-year nursing student at Ege University Faculty of Nursing during the 2025-2026 academic year
• Actively participating in clinical practice during the study period
• Voluntarily agreeing to participate in the study and providing informed consent
• Agreeing to participate in the ChatGPT-supported metacognitive feedback process if assigned to the intervention group

Exclusion Criteria:

• Withdrawing from the study at any time
• Incomplete or incorrectly completed pretest or posttest assessments
• Failure to participate regularly in the intervention process, including failure to complete the learning plan and reflective evaluations in the intervention group
• Having a serious health, psychological, or cognitive condition that may affect clinical practice or learning behaviors, based on self-report