Comparative Impact of Hydrotherapy and Land-Based Exercise on Pelvic Floor Muscle Endurance in Pregnant Women

Comparative Effectiveness of Hydrotherapy and Land-Based Exercise on Pelvic Floor Muscle Endurance in Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Comparative Study

The goal of this retrospective study is to compare the effects of hydrotherapy and land-based exercise on pelvic floor muscle endurance in pregnant women. The main question it aims to answer is whether pelvic floor muscle endurance differs between women who participated in hydrotherapy and those who participated in land-based exercise.

Researchers will compare existing clinical records of pregnant women who received hydrotherapy or land-based exercise. The study will examine pelvic floor muscle endurance measured using the Modified Oxford Grading (MOG) and other available pelvic floor assessments.

The study will use information already recorded during routine care. No new exercise program or treatment will be given as part of this retrospective study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant women aged 20-35 years, singleton pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound, gestational age between 18 and 32 weeks (second to early third trimester), absence of obstetric complications such as placenta previa, gestational diabetes or preeclampsia medical clearance from an obstetrician to participate in hydrotherapy and moderate physical activity, ability to understand and follow instructions, willingness to participate in regular exercise sessions and attend follow-up assessments for 6 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age below 20 years or above 35 years, gestational age outside the 18-32week range, multiple pregnancy, obstetric complications such as placenta previa, uncontrolled gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced hypertension, open wounds or infections contraindicating hydrotherapy, musculoskeletal conditions limiting safe participation in aquatic exercise, history of cardiovascular or respiratory disorders, fear of water or discomfort in aquatic environments, inability to complete follow-up evaluations or refusal to participate in the intervention period.