Inclusion Criteria:

General Criteria

• Male or female patient aged 19 years or older at the time the clinical data were recorded
• Electronic medical record data available between January 1, 2023, and May 31, 2025
• Admission to a general ward for at least 12 hours
• Availability of the required vital-sign data, including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and oxygen saturation when available
• Clinical data not previously used in the development of Vital-PICASO

Cardiac Arrest-Positive Group

• In-hospital cardiac arrest occurred in a general ward
• Cardiac arrest was documented in the electronic medical record and was followed by at least one of the following resuscitation procedures:
• High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Defibrillation
• Advanced life support
• Vital-sign data were available for up to 72 hours before the cardiac arrest
• If cardiac arrest occurred within 24 hours after admission to the general ward, all available vital-sign data recorded before the event were included
• If a patient experienced multiple cardiac arrest events during the study period, only the first eligible event was included

Cardiac Arrest-Negative Group

• No cardiac arrest or other predefined clinical deterioration occurred during the selected general ward admission period
• The patient was selected from the same general ward as patients in the cardiac arrest-positive group
• Vital-sign data were available from a time period comparable with the cardiac arrest-positive group or within 72 hours after admission to the general ward
• Only one eligible data segment was included per patient
• The data were considered appropriate for inclusion in the cardiac arrest-negative group by the investigator

Exclusion Criteria:

• Cardiac arrest occurred outside a general ward
• A do-not-resuscitate order was in effect at the time of data collection
• Pregnancy at the time of data collection or within 3 months after delivery
• The data were considered inappropriate for the study by the investigator