Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 18 years or older with lens opacity or abnormal lens position, whose visual function was insufficient for daily activities, who met the indications for surgery, and who had undergone lens surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1. Patients aged 18 years or older with lens opacity or abnormal lens position, whose visual function was insufficient for daily activities, who met the indications for surgery, and who had undergone lens surgery.

  2. Active intraocular inflammation. 3. Uncontrolled systemic disease, use of medications that could significantly affect surgery, or other standard contraindications to lens surgery.

  4. Incomplete or unreliable key preoperative examination data, including ocular biometry.

  5. Inadequate image quality due to poor fixation or other causes, rendering the images unsuitable for analysis.

  6.Incomplete intraoperative OCT recordings, such as interrupted recording or severe image freezing, affecting data evaluation.

  7. Other psychological or physical conditions that might interfere with study participation.