Prospective, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial comparing ultrasound-guided dry needling, lidocaine injection, and oxygen-ozone injection in patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) of the upper trapezius muscle. 76 participants received weekly injections/needling for 3 sessions plus a standardized home exercise program, with clinical (pain, function, sleep, quality of life) and ultrasonographic (tissue imaging, blood flow waveform) outcomes assessed at baseline, Week 4, and Week 12.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
This was a single-blind study in which outcome assessors were blinded to group allocation. Due to the nature of the interventions (dry needling, lidocaine injection, and oxygen-ozone injection), blinding of participants and treating clinicians was not feasible. However, all clinical evaluations and statistical analyses were conducted by investigators who were unaware of treatment assignment, in order to minimize assessment and analysis bias
Participants received ultrasound-guided dry needling of the upper trapezius trigger point, performed with a filiform needle using multidirectional technique until a local twitch response was elicited, without administration of any substance. Sessions were performed once weekly for three consecutive weeks, combined with a standardized home exercise program
Participants received ultrasound-guided injection of 2 mL of 1% lidocaine directly into the upper trapezius trigger point, once weekly for three consecutive weeks, combined with a standardized home exercise program
Participants received ultrasound-guided injection of 5 mL oxygen-ozone mixture (10 μg/mL) into the upper trapezius trigger point, once weekly for three consecutive weeks, combined with a standardized home exercise program
Kocaeli, Derince 41300, Turkey (Türkiye)
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