Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 years or older.
• Able to provide written informed consent.
• Able and willing to complete two laboratory visits, dietary recording, cognitive assessments, and exercise testing.
• Able to safely complete submaximal exercise testing and a 30-minute moderate-intensity cycling session, as determined by health-history screening and the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire Plus (PAR-Q+).
• Willing to complete dietary records and follow pre-visit instructions.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, neurological, psychiatric, or other medical condition that could make exercise testing or moderate-intensity exercise unsafe or substantially affect study outcomes.
• Current pregnancy.
• Current smoking.
• Medication use that could substantially affect metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, or exercise-response outcomes, as determined by the investigators.

Orthopedic injury, mobility limitation, or other physical condition that prevents safe cycling or exercise testing.

• Resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
• Resting blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg.
• Electrocardiogram abnormality requiring further medical evaluation.
• Positive PAR-Q+ response or other health-screening finding indicating that medical clearance is required and has not been obtained.
• Inability or unwillingness to complete study procedures, fasting requirements, dietary records, or pre-visit restrictions.
• Any other condition that, in the judgment of the research team, would make participation unsafe or interfere with valid completion of the study procedures.