Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 to 50 years, all sexes.
• Body mass index (BMI) >=28 kg/m2.
• Willing and able to comply with study procedures and provide written informed consent.
• Resident living near a participating study site and able to complete scheduled visits.
• No habitual time-restricted eating or other fasting regimen, such as alternate-day fasting or fasting-mimicking diet.
• Abnormal glucose metabolism or diabetes, defined as fasting plasma glucose >5.6 mmol/L or HbA1c >5.7%.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Secondary obesity, such as hypothyroidism or Cushing syndrome.
• Use of weight-loss medication within 90 days before screening, or body weight change >5 kg within 90 days before screening.
• Pregnant, lactating, or planning pregnancy during the study period.
• Severe cardiac, hepatic, or renal dysfunction.
• Severe psychiatric disease or cognitive impairment that prevents cooperation with the study.
• Contraindication to exercise, such as severe osteoarthritis.
• Unable or unwilling to follow the study diet and exercise intervention.
• Long-term use of medications that may significantly affect body weight.
• Active malignancy in any organ system.
• Any other condition that, in the investigator's judgment, may affect efficacy or safety evaluation or make the participant unsuitable for the study.