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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-00020-3 | Other Grant/Funding Number | Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) | UNKNOWN |
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This study evaluated a virtual reality-based training programme designed to support safe medication administration among undergraduate nursing students. Medication administration is a core nursing competency, but students often have limited opportunities to practise medication safety scenarios repeatedly before entering clinical settings. Virtual reality provides an immersive and repeatable simulated environment for practising routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios without risk to patients.
Third- and fourth-year undergraduate nursing students at a healthcare university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A received the VR training first, while Group B served as a wait-list comparison group and received the same training later, after crossover. The intervention consisted of three 90-minute sessions, each including pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing. Outcomes included confidence in medication administration, self-reported safe medication practice, system usability, and cybersickness symptoms.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group A (VR training first) | Experimental | Participants received the VR-based medication administration training first. They completed three 90-minute sessions before Group B received training. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before any training), approximately one week after this group completed training, and again approximately one week after Group B completed training (short-term follow-up). |
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| Group B (delayed VR training, wait-list) | Other | Participants served as a wait-list control and received no VR training during the initial period, while Group A was trained. After crossover, they received the same VR-based medication administration training (three 90-minute sessions). Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before any training), approximately one week after Group A completed training (while this group was still on the wait-list), and approximately one week after this group completed training. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR) | Behavioral | The intervention consisted of three 90-minute VR-based medication administration training sessions covering routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios. Each session included pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Confidence in medication administration | Confidence in medication administration was measured using a 6-item self-report scale. Each item was rated from 1 (not at all confident) to 5 (extremely confident). Total scores range from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater confidence. | Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported safe medication practice | Self-reported safe medication practice was assessed using the 28-item Patient Safety Assessment in Medication Administration. Each item was rated from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Total scores range from 28 to 140, with higher scores indicating more frequent adherence to safe medication administration practices. | Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training). |
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Inclusion criteria:
Exclusion criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Linh Thuy Khanh Tran, PhD | University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City | Ho Chi Minh City | 700000 | Vietnam |
De-identified individual participant data supporting the findings of this study may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the participating institution. Data will not be made publicly available because the study involved undergraduate students and individual student privacy could be compromised.
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Beginning 6 months after publication and available for 3 years.
Requests will be considered from qualified researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal for academic, non-commercial research purposes. Data sharing will be subject to approval by the corresponding author, the study investigators, and the participating institution. A data use agreement may be required where applicable.
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This was a two-arm randomized wait-list crossover trial. Group A received the VR-based medication administration training first, while Group B served as a wait-list comparison group and received no training during that initial period, then received the same VR training after crossover. Outcomes were assessed for both groups at three points: at baseline before any training; approximately one week after Group A completed training (while Group B was still on the wait-list); and approximately one week after Group B completed training.
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| System usability | Usability of the VR system was assessed using the 10-item System Usability Scale. Scores were converted to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores indicating better perceived usability. | Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B). |
| Cybersickness symptoms | Cybersickness was assessed using the 16-item Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Items were rated from 0 (none) to 3 (severe), and nausea, oculomotor, disorientation, and total scores were calculated using the standard scoring method. | Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B). |