Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension is a progressive and potentially fatal cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, progressive elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and eventual right ventricular (RV) failure.

According to the 2022 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society (ESC/ERS) guidelines, pulmonary hypertension is currently defined hemodynamically by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) >20 mmHg measured by right heart catheterization, while pulmonary arterial hypertension is additionally characterized by pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) ≤15 mmHg and PVR >2 Wood units.

Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (Sch-PAH) is classified within Group 1 PAH and represents one of the most important causes of PAH in endemic regions, particularly in developing countries such as Egypt and Brazil.

Schistosomiasis is considered the second most prevalent parasitic disease worldwide after malaria, affecting more than 200 million individuals globally. Chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis may lead to porto-systemic shunting, allowing parasite eggs to embolize into the pulmonary circulation, triggering chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and pulmonary vascular remodeling.

The pathological changes observed in Sch-PAH resemble those seen in idiopathic PAH, including medial hypertrophy, intimal fibrosis, and plexiform lesions. However, several studies suggest that patients with Sch-PAH may exhibit better long-term survival compared with idiopathic PAH despite comparable pulmonary hemodynamic impairment.

The mechanisms underlying this relatively favorable prognosis remain incompletely understood.

Right ventricular adaptation to increased afterload is currently recognized as one of the principal determinants of prognosis in PAH.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All patients above 18 year diagnosed with schistozomiasis through history of exposure , serology , positive stool antigens ,Symmers' periportal fibrosis (the "clay pipe-stem" appearance) or Splenomegaly and suspected pulmonary hypertension through Probability Score" approach based on the 2022 ESC/ERS

Exclusion Criteria:

• All patients below 18 years old.
• Left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction.
• Significant left-sided valvular heart disease.
• severe chronic lung disease such as, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ---- GOLD 4 and severe Interstitial lung disease (ILD).
• Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.
• Congenital heart diseases.
• Severe hepatic or renal impairment unrelated to schistosomiasis.
• Hemodynamically unstable patients.
• Poor echocardiographic window preventing adequate RV assessment.
• Active infection or acute systemic illness.
• Refusal to participate in the study.
• Significant arrhythmias affecting hemodynamic assessment (e.g., uncontrolled atrial fibrillation).
• Previous heart or lung transplantation.
• Pregnancy.