Safety and Efficacy of Canagliflozin in Patients With Locally Advanced or Advanced Solid Cancer

Safety and Efficacy of Canagliflozin in Patients With Locally Advanced or Advanced Solid Cancer

**Revised version:**

Locally advanced or advanced solid tumors remain a major clinical challenge despite multimodal treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. For patients with unresectable, recurrent, metastatic, or treatment-refractory disease, prognosis remains poor, and effective therapeutic strategies are still urgently needed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, have transformed the treatment landscape of multiple solid tumors by reinvigorating anti-tumor immune responses through inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. However, only a subset of patients derive durable benefit from immunotherapy, and primary or acquired resistance remains common, highlighting the need for rational combination strategies to enhance anti-tumor efficacy.

Intriguingly, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, originally developed as anti-diabetic agents, have shown emerging anti-tumor potential through metabolic regulation and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, combining SGLT-2 inhibition with immune checkpoint blockade may enhance tumor control through metabolic-immunologic crosstalk. Preclinical evidence suggests that the SGLT-2 inhibitor canagliflozin may suppress tumor growth and potentially improve the efficacy of PD-1 blockade. Based on this rationale, this phase I trial investigates the safety and efficacy of canagliflozin combined with tislelizumab in patients with locally advanced or advanced solid tumors, evaluating its impact on progression-free survival, overall survival, objective response rate, and tumor microenvironment modulation. This study aims to explore a novel metabolic-immunotherapy strategy based on dual metabolic and immune regulation, potentially providing a new therapeutic option for patients with locally advanced or advanced solid tumors.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged ≥18 years and ≤80 years old at the time of signing the written informed consent form, regardless of gender.

2. Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed locally advanced or advanced solid tumors, including:

   1. Patients with unresectable locally advanced, recurrent, or distant metastatic solid tumors.
   2. Patients who have failed, are intolerant to, or are unsuitable for standard therapy, or for whom no standard therapy is available.
   3. Patients considered suitable for treatment with tislelizumab-based immunotherapy by the investigator.

3. According to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1), patients must have at least one target lesion with measurable diameters (tumor lesions with a long diameter ≥10 mm on CT scan, lymph node lesions with a short diameter ≥10 mm on CT scan, and a scan slice thickness of no more than 5 mm). Lesions that have received local treatments such as radiotherapy can be used as target lesions after clear progression is confirmed.

4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of 0 to 1, with an expected survival period of ≥3 months.

5. Patients must be type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and meet the indications for canagliflozin; or patients have no diagnosis of diabetes, no history of type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis.

   The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is defined as typical diabetic symptoms plus random blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, or plus fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, or plus 2-hour post-load blood glucose in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥11.1 mmol/L, or plus HbA1c ≥6.5%. For those without typical diabetic symptoms, reexamination on another day is required for confirmation (excluding random blood glucose).

6. Good function of major organs, that is, the relevant examination indicators within 14 days before randomization meet the following requirements (without blood or blood product transfusion, without the use of hematopoietic stimulating factors, and without the use of albumin or blood products):

   • Routine blood test: Hemoglobin ≥80 g/L; neutrophil count >1.5×10⁹/L; platelet count ≥90×10⁹/L.
   • Biochemical test: Total bilirubin ≤1.5×ULN (upper limit of normal value); serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤2.5×ULN; serum creatinine (SCr) ≤1.5×ULN or creatinine clearance rate ≥50 mL/min (Cockcroft-Gault formula).
   • Prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR) ≤1.5×ULN (unless warfarin anticoagulation is being used).
   • Cardiac Doppler ultrasound evaluation: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%.
   • Renal function: eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m².
   • Blood glucose: HbA1c ≤9%.

7. Patients of childbearing potential (both male and female) must use effective medical contraceptive measures during the study period and within 6 months after the end of drug administration.

8. Body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 kg/m² during the study screening period.

9. If complicated with hypertension, blood pressure must be controlled to a stable level with other medications.

10. No history of peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, or diabetic foot ulcers.

11. Patients voluntarily join this study, sign the informed consent form, have good compliance, and patients and their families agree to cooperate with survival follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Participation in other drug clinical trials within 4 weeks.
2. History of other tumors, except for in-situ cervical cancer, treated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, bladder epithelial tumors, or other malignant tumors that have received radical treatment (at least 5 years prior to enrollment).
3. Patients with symptomatic or rapidly progressive central nervous system metastases, extensive lung metastases causing dyspnea, or tumors approaching or invading major blood vessels or nerves.
4. Uncontrolled cardiac clinical symptoms or diseases, such as heart failure of NYHA class 2 or above, unstable angina, myocardial infarction within 1 year, or clinically significant supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias requiring treatment or intervention.
5. Pregnant or lactating women.
6. Patients with active tuberculosis, bacterial or fungal infections (≥ grade 2, based on NCI-CTCAE 5.0), or HIV infection.
7. Patients with a history of psychoactive drug abuse that cannot be 戒除 (abstained from) or with mental disorders.
8. Subjects with any active autoimmune diseases or a history of autoimmune diseases (including but not limited to: uveitis, enteritis, hypophysitis, nephritis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism; subjects with vitiligo or childhood asthma that has fully remitted and requires no intervention in adulthood may be included; subjects with asthma requiring medical intervention with bronchodilators shall not be included).
9. Previous treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors (such as dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin).
10. Long-term steroid use or combined use of insulin/insulin sensitizers.
11. Baseline HbA1c >10%, history of stroke or transient ischemic attack within 5 years, and uncontrolled comorbidities.
12. Female subjects with a pregnancy plan or male subjects whose partners have a pregnancy plan from the screening period to 12 months after medication.
13. Patients with primary peritoneal carcinoma.
14. Patients with type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis.
15. History of peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, or diabetic foot ulcers.
16. Patients with severe renal insufficiency (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²).
17. Patients with recurrent genitourinary infections within six months or requiring long-term anti-infective treatment.
18. Patients with a history of lower limb amputation, severe peripheral vascular disease, or neuropathy.
19. Patients with uncontrolled hypothyroidism.
20. Other conditions deemed unsuitable for enrollment by the investigator.