• Identification of the most effective approach for different lesion types
• Correlation between approach and complication rates

The sphenoid sinus is one of the most anatomically complex and surgically challenging paranasal sinuses due to its deep location ,wide anatomical variation and proximity to critical neurovascular structures.

Important structures are adjacent to the sphenoid sinus include the dura, pituitary, optic nerve, cavernous sinus, pterygoid canal and nerve, internal carotid artery, and cranial nerves III, IV, VI, V1, V2, which are vulnerable to injury with sphenoid disease.

Wide anatomical variation such as Degree of Pneumatization , Septation Patterns , Sinus Size and Shape, Ostium Location ,Onodi Cells, Prominence or dehiscence of nearby structures.

Therefore, surgeons must carefully select the extent of dissection to create a sphenoid opening that matches the patient's pathology while avoiding the risks associated with overly extensive openings and drilling, which may prolong healing and increase the likelihood of scarring and stenosis.

Diagnostic nasal endoscopy procedures and imaging techniques are of great value for an early and precise diagnosis.

Moreover, endoscopic sinus surgery is a safe and effective technique that allows a direct route to the sphenoid sinus.

Because of its close vicinity to important and vulnerable structures of the skull base, delay in diagnosis and treatment can be potentially lethal.

Sphenoid sinus lesions may range from mild, isolated inflammation to erosive tumors with cranial nerve deficits or cases requiring access to a pneumatized lateral recess .

Additionally, conditions such as tumors, encephaloceles, mucoceles, and skull base lesions demand extra preoperative planning and careful technique selection.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with sinonasal lesions involving sphenid sinus with or without skull base extension.

Exclusion Criteria

• Severe comorbidities contraindicating surgery
• malignant tumer extend beyond sphenoid sinus requiring open management