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Autistic children drown at one-hundred sixty times the rate of their neurotypical peers: a public health crisis that the adapted learning field has only addressed by demonstrating that standard swimming instruction sometimes works for autistic children. This study presents a three-profile framework (sensory-seeking/hyposensitive, sensory-avoidant/hypersensitive, variable/mixed) founded in sensory processing literature, based on ~950 lessons to 65 autistic children (ages 3-15) to determine why this disjunction exists, and how swim instructors can fix it.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| sensory-profile framework | Experimental | Profile 1: Hyposensitive. Students of this profile pursue full-body pressure because their sensory systems under-register input. The instructional challenge for these children is not entry, but instead channeling that drive for stimulation toward skill acquisition. Yilmaz et al. (2004) documented proprioceptive gains from structured, repetitive swimming, which is precisely the kind of input these children seek but need sensory-based instruction to hone. Profile 2: Hypersensitive. Hypersensitive children are the ones for whom one wrong splash early on might end the lesson. Yet Vonder Hulls et al. (2006) found measurable improvements in touch tolerance following aquatic therapy. Their best mechanism for instruction is controlled and consensual exposure, not forced desensitization. |
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| control | Active Comparator | Normal non-sensory-based instruction for the autistic children |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sensory-based instruction | Behavioral | This study provided sensory-based instruction to children with ASD to increase aquatics-based learning efficiency |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| (1) lessons to 5-meter unassisted float/kick; | 10 lessons for each participant; 10-14 weeks | |
| (2) percentage of sessions ending 10+ minutes early due to apparent dysregulation; | 10 lessons for each participant; 10-14 weeks | |
| (3) week-4 composite trust score (1-10 score: 10=highest); | 10 lessons for each participant; 10-14 weeks | |
| (4) technique corrections accepted per session without protest. | 10 lessons for each participant; 10-14 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genesis | Louisville | Kentucky | 40299 | United States |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001321 | Autistic Disorder |
| D002659 | Child Development Disorders, Pervasive |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067877 | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| standard instruction | Behavioral | standard swim instruction with no neurological accommodations |
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