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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Baskent University | OTHER |
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Falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults.
Approximately one-third of individuals over 65 years of age fall each year, and 10-15% of these falls result in serious injury.
Balance disorders, decreased muscle strength, prolonged reaction time, and decreased proprioception are key factors that increase the risk of falls.
One evidence-based intervention to reduce the risk of falls is the Otago Exercise Program, originating in New Zealand.
The program includes strength and balance exercises progressed with ankle weights and walking activities, and has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of falls in older adults.
Proprioceptive exercises aim to stimulate the sensory system responsible for body position perception and movement control. These exercises contribute to improved balance by enhancing sensorimotor integration.
Although the literature shows positive effects of Otago and proprioceptive exercise programs separately, studies comparing the effectiveness of combining these two approaches on sarcopenia, frailty, balance, falls, reaction time, and physical performance parameters are limited.
The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the effects of the Otago exercise program and a program combining Otago and proprioceptive exercises on sarcopenia, frailty, reaction time, balance, falls, and physical performance in geriatric individuals.
It is expected that the findings will contribute to more effective and goal-oriented planning of exercise programs in the geriatric population.
The proportion of the elderly population is rapidly increasing worldwide and in Türkiye. According to United Nations data, the population aged 60 and over is expected to exceed 2 billion by 2050. Turkish Statistical Institute projections also foresee that the proportion of the elderly population in our country will reach 20.8% in 2050. This demographic transformation makes the prevention and management of age-related health problems a priority from a public health perspective. Aging is accompanied by a decrease in physiological reserves, an increase in the incidence of multimorbidity, and a decline in functional capacity. One of the important clinical syndromes that stands out in this process is sarcopenia, characterized by progressive decrease in muscle mass and muscle function . Sarcopenia is strongly associated with fall risk, functional decline, frailty, and increased mortality. Fragility is defined as a state of vulnerability to stress resulting from a loss of reserves in multiple physiological systems, predisposing the elderly individual to negative health outcomes. Falls are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Approximately one-third of individuals over 65 years of age fall each year, and 10-15% of these falls result in serious injury. Balance disorders, decreased muscle strength, prolonged reaction time, and decreased proprioception are key factors that increase the risk of falls. One evidence-based intervention to reduce the risk of falls is the Otago Exercise Program, originating in New Zealand. The program includes strength and balance exercises progressing with ankle weights and walking activities, and has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of falls in elderly individuals. Proprioceptive exercises, on the other hand, aim to stimulate the sensory system responsible for body position perception and movement control. These exercises contribute to improved balance by enhancing sensorimotor integration. Although the literature shows positive effects of Otago and proprioceptive exercise programs separately, studies comparing the effectiveness of combining these two approaches on sarcopenia, frailty, balance, falls, reaction time, and physical performance parameters are limited. The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the effects of the Otago exercise program and a program combining Otago and proprioceptive exercises on sarcopenia, frailty, reaction time, balance, falls, and physical performance in geriatric individuals. The findings are expected to contribute to the more effective and goal-oriented planning of exercise programs in the geriatric population.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | No Intervention | No exercise program was applied to the patients in this group. Only sequential measurements were taken and the results were compared with other groups. | |
| Otago Exercise Group | Experimental | Only patients in this group received the Otago Exercise Program. |
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| OTAGO EXERCISES COMBINED WITH PROPRIOCEPTIVE EXERCISES | Experimental | Patients in this group received a proprioceptive exercise program in conjunction with the Otago Exercise Program. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proprioception Exercise | Combination Product | As an intervention, participants were given exercises to improve their proprioception (sense of joint position, sense of movement, etc.) in addition to the otago exercises. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Frailty Measured by the Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) | The Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) assesses 9 domains (cognition, general health, functional independence, social support, medication use, nutrition, mood, continence, functional performance). Total score ranges from 0 (not frail) to 17 (very severe frailty). Assessments conducted at baseline (week 0), interim (week 3), and final (week 6) by an experienced physiotherapist. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks (18 sessions) |
| Change in Muscle Strength Measured by Hand Grip and Knee Extension Dynamometry | Hand grip strength measured in kilograms (kg) using a hand dynamometer. Knee extension strength measured in kilograms (kg) using a hand-held dynamometer. Assessments conducted at baseline (week 0), interim (week 3), and final (week 6) by an experienced physiotherapist. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks (18 sessions) |
| Change in Physical Performance Measured by the 4-Meter Walking Speed Test | Time (in seconds) to walk 4 meters at usual pace. Assessed at baseline (week 0), interim (week 3), and final (week 6) by an experienced physiotherapist. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks (18 sessions) |
| Change in Muscle Mass Measured by Gastrocnemius-Soleus Circumference | Calf circumference measured in centimeters (cm) using a tape measure at the maximal girth of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex. Assessed at baseline (week 0), interim (week 3), and final (week 6) by an experienced physiotherapist. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks (18 sessions) |
| Change in Reaction Time Measured by the Nelson Hand and Foot Reaction Test | Reaction time measured in milliseconds (ms) using the Nelson Hand and Foot Reaction Test. Assessed at baseline (week 0), interim (week 3), and final (week 6) by an experienced physiotherapist. |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hacettepe University | Ankara | Altındağ | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| This can help in understanding the working protocol. | View source |
| ID | Type | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Protocol | View IPD |
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only IPD used in the results publication
researchers
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| Exercise Intervention | Other | There are no studies in the literature that combine proprioceptive exercises with otago exercises. In our study, we applied these combined exercises for the first time. |
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| From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks (18 sessions) |
| Change in Peripheral Sensation Measured by Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test | Monofilament filament size (log10 force in mg) at which sensation is detected on the foot. Assessed at baseline (week 0), interim (week 3), and final (week 6) by an experienced physiotherapist. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks (18 sessions) |
| Change in Balance and Falls Measured by Number of Falls and Balance Testing | Falls recorded as total number of falls per participant over 6 weeks. Balance assessed using a validated balance scale (e.g., Berg Balance Scale or Timed Up and Go test in seconds). Assessed at baseline (week 0), interim (week 3), and final (week 6). | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks (18 sessions) |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D055948 | Sarcopenia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009133 | Muscular Atrophy |
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001284 | Atrophy |
| D020763 | Pathological Conditions, Anatomical |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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