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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Texas A&M University | OTHER |
| University of Washington | OTHER |
| Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Switzerland) | UNKNOWN |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences |
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Human Volunteer Participation:
A total of six (6) healthy adult volunteers participated in the study, including three males and three females aged between 18 and 22 years. The volunteers participated in:
All participants were:
Safety and Ethical Considerations:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arm-in-Cage Test Procedure | Experimental | This arm evaluates the efficacy of commercially available skin-applied mosquito repellent formulations against Aedes albopictus females using a standardized WHO-recommended Arm-in-Cage Test (ACT). The study assesses mosquito landing/biting protection under controlled laboratory conditions using human volunteers and standardized exposure procedures. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mosquito Repellent Products (Topical and Spatial Formulations) | Device | Specialized rubber gloves designed to expose only a 4 × 4 cm area of dorsal hand skin while protecting the rest of the hand. Gloves were replaced between trials to prevent cross-contamination or residual repellent effects. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Mosquito Landings on the Treated Forearm During the WHO Arm-in-Cage Test | The number of mosquito landings on the treated forearm will be counted during each exposure period using the standardized WHO Arm-in-Cage Test with 50 unfed female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | Measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after repellent application. |
| Number of Confirmed Mosquito Bites During the WHO Arm-in-Cage Test | The number of confirmed mosquito bites occurring on the treated forearm will be recorded during each exposure period. | Measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after repellent application. |
| Complete Protection Time Measured by the WHO Arm-in-Cage Test | Complete Protection Time is defined as the elapsed time from repellent application until the first confirmed mosquito landing or bite. | Up to 8 hours after application. |
| Percentage Protection Against Mosquito Landing | Percentage protection will be calculated by comparing the number of mosquito landings on treated skin with the corresponding control observations. | Measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after application |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Skin Reactions | The number of participants experiencing erythema, itching, rash, burning sensation, or other treatment-related skin reactions after topical repellent application. | Within 8 hours after application. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomedical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology | Dhaka | Dhaka Division | 1216 | Bangladesh |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26527362 | Result | Yoon JK, Kim KC, Cho Y, Gwon YD, Cho HS, Heo Y, Park K, Lee YW, Kim M, Oh YK, Kim YB. Comparison of Repellency Effect of Mosquito Repellents for DEET, Citronella, and Fennel Oil. J Parasitol Res. 2015;2015:361021. doi: 10.1155/2015/361021. Epub 2015 Oct 7. |
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| OTHER_GOV |
| Tsinghua University | OTHER |
| University of Basel | OTHER |
Six healthy adult volunteers (three males and three females, aged 18-22 years) participated in the study. All volunteers underwent the Arm-in-Cage repellency bioassay and dermatological safety testing. Each participant was exposed to multiple commercially available mosquito repellent products according to the study protocol, allowing comparative assessment of efficacy, protection duration, and skin safety. No separate participant groups were established; therefore, all participants belonged to a single study arm.
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This study was conducted as an open-label evaluation of commercially available mosquito repellent products. Neither the participants nor the investigators were blinded to the identity of the tested products because the formulations (coils, vaporizers, sprays, creams, and natural repellents) differed substantially in appearance, mode of application, and operation. Outcome measurements included repellency efficacy, protection duration, dermatological safety, and user-reported observations.
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