While existing data supports the use of acupuncture to reduce radiation-induced xerostomia, the optimal timing of acupuncture for managing chemoradiation-induced xerostomia remains an area of active investigation. Prior studies have administered acupuncture either in patients who developed xerostomia 12 months after radiation 10 or during the radiation therapy itself 9. The hypothesis is that acupuncture may be more effective in preventing and reducing xerostomia when administered early during CRT, rather than after chronic xerostomia has already set in. Yet, oncologists have concerns about the potentially higher risk of complications, such as infection, associated with acupuncture, especially if administered concurrently with chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, this study aims to conduct this randomised trial to evaluate the impact of early versus delayed acupuncture on patient-reported and objective measures of xerostomia, as well as the safety and tolerability of acupuncture in this setting.

To our knowledge, this will be the first randomised clinical trial evaluating the optimal timing for incorporating acupuncture to reduce xerostomia in patients undergoing chemoradiation for head and neck cancers. It is also the first study conducted in Singapore to study the role of acupuncture in reducing CRT-induced xerostomia.

Inclusion Criteria:

Participants are eligible to be included in the study only if all the following criteria apply:

1. Aged 21 years or older

2. Oral cavity or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, or nasopharyngeal carcinoma planned for either curative adjuvant or definitive chemoradiotherapy using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

   Participants who have received prior induction chemotherapy or are planned for adjuvant chemotherapy are not excluded.

3. Anatomically intact parotid and submandibular glands

4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2

5. Able to provide informed consent

6. A female participant is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant (see Appendix 3), not breastfeeding, and at least one of the following conditions applies:

   1. Not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) as defined in Appendix 3 OR
   2. A WOCBP who agrees to follow the contraceptive guidance in Appendix 3 during the acupuncture period and for at least 28 days after the last acupuncture.

Exclusion Criteria:

Participants are excluded from the study if any of the following criteria apply:

1. History of xerostomia, Sjögren's disease, or another underlying systemic illness known to cause xerostomia
2. Prior head and neck radiation treatment
3. Has bleeding disorders (e.g. Hemophilia), or on anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, low molecular weight heparin and novel oral anticoagulants)
4. Upper or lower extremity deformities that could interfere with accurate acupoint location or alter the energy pathway as defined by traditional acupuncture theory.
5. Local skin infections, lymphedema, or severe skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis, eczema) at or near the acupuncture sites
6. Ongoing active systemic infection
7. Current use of amifostine or cholinergic agonist medications (pilocarpine, cevimeline) that can affect salivary functions (salivary substitute not prohibited, but if using, they must refrain from using it for at least 24 hours prior to salivary flow assessment)
8. Concurrent use of alternative medicines (e.g., Chinese Propriety medicines), that could affect salivary function
9. Is pregnant or expecting to conceive within the projected duration of the trial, starting with the screening visit through 28 days after the last acupuncture treatment
10. Low body mass index, ie. BMI < 15
11. Mental incapacitation or significant emotional or psychiatric disorder that, in the opinion of the investigator, may prevent the patient from cooperating with trial procedures

Individual patient data will be available, including data dictionaries and all clinical data collected in the conduct of the trial, in a deidentified format. These will be available beginning 3 months after Article publication with no end date.

other researchers should submit requests for access to the patient-level data to the corresponding author, including a proposal outlining their reasons for required data. Following a signed data access agreement, the data will be made available by a link sent from the corresponding author to the requester.

They will be available beginning 3 months after Article publication with no end date.

Other researchers should submit requests for access to the patient-level data to the corresponding author, including a proposal outlining their reasons for required data.

Following a signed data access agreement, the data will be made available by a link sent from the corresponding author to the requester