This study aims to assess the efficacy of a new biomarker, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A), for the early diagnosis of Early-Onset Sepsis (EOS) in newborns.

This study aims to assess the efficacy of a new biomarker, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A), for the early diagnosis of Early-Onset Sepsis (EOS) in newborns.

Background:

EOS is a significant concern for newborns, especially preterm infants, with a high mortality rate. Current diagnostic methods, like blood cultures, have limitations due to non-specific clinical presentations and slow turnaround times. Existing biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) also have limitations in terms of early detection and specificity.

Objective:

To facilitate the early diagnosis of EOS in newborns at risk for bacterial infection on day one.

Hypotheses:

t6A levels will rapidly increase in newborns with suspected EOS, allowing for early and precise identification from non-EOS neonates.

Circulating t6A will demonstrate higher diagnostic accuracy (positive and negative predictive values) compared to existing biomarkers like PCT, CRP, and IL-6.

Methodology:

This will be an open-label prospective cohort study conducted at the Private Medical University of Salzburg, Austria.

Study Population: Newborn infants requiring blood testing for suspected bacterial infection or routine screening who meet specific inclusion criteria and whose caregivers provide informed consent. Exclusion criteria include refusal to participate or current antibiotic treatment.

Control Group: 50 healthy newborn infants undergoing routine blood testing for other reasons (e.g., thyroid hormone testing).

Data Collection: Blood samples (20 µl using Neoteryx® Microsampling kit) will be collected via heel prick during routine patient care within the first 12 hours of life. Clinical and blood value data will also be collected. Samples will be analyzed for t6A, CBC, CRP, PCT, and IL-6.

Sepsis Confirmation: Bacterial infection will be confirmed using adapted NEO-KISS criteria, which include clinical sepsis and microbiologically confirmed sepsis (with and without coagulase-negative staphylococci).

Timeline: Patient enrollment will occur between February 1, 2026, and January 31, 2029.

Sample Size: A minimum of 210 participants (105 sepsis, 105 control) is planned to achieve adequate statistical power, based on AUC values of t6A and PCT from a previous study.

Data Management: Patient data will be anonymized with three-digit identification numbers. Blood samples will be sent to Pharm-analyt for testing.

Analysis/Statistics: Data will be analyzed using R. Primary outcome (differences in t6A levels) will be assessed using t-tests or Wilcoxon tests. Secondary outcomes (comparison of AUCs for t6A vs. IL-6 and CRP) will use DeLong's test with Bonferroni-Holms correction.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Newborn infants who require blood testing for screening for bacterial infection OR treating physician suspects bacterial infection in newborn infant
• Signed informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Refusal to participate in study or not providing written informed consent by caregivers/parents
2. Antibiotic treatment of any kind.

Newborn infants