Temporomandibular Disorders and Bruxism in Elite Basketball Referees

Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Bruxism in Elite Basketball Referees: An Ultrasonographic Evaluation and Comparative Analysis With Healthy Controls

This study aims to determine the frequency of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and bruxism in elite basketball referees and to compare the findings with healthy controls. Basketball referees are exposed to high stress levels and maintain a prolonged parafunctional activity by holding a whistle between their teeth during matches, which may increase the risk of TMD and bruxism.

Participants will be evaluated using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), including Axis I and Axis II assessments. Additionally, ultrasonographic measurements of the masseter and temporalis muscle thickness will be performed both at rest and during clenching. The relationship between TMD, bruxism and ultrasonographic findings will be analyzed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age between 18-50 years
• Willingness to participate
• Adequate cognitive ability to follow instructions

Exclusion Criteria:

• Refusal to participate
• Dental or periodontal pain
• History of temporomandibular disorder treatment
• Occlusal abnormalities
• History of head, neck, or jaw surgery
• Use of medications affecting neuromuscular or bone metabolism
• Use of wind instruments (e.g., flute, clarinet, trumpet)