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This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and coordination-based exercise on executive functions in school-aged children aged 10 to 12 years. Executive functions, including working memory and selective attention, are essential cognitive skills that support learning, academic achievement, problem-solving, and daily functioning.
A total of 78 healthy children will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: an Aerobic Exercise Group, a Coordination Exercise Group, or a Control Group. Participants in the intervention groups will complete supervised exercise sessions lasting 40 minutes, three times per week, for 14 weeks. The aerobic exercise program will include activities designed to improve cardiovascular fitness, while the coordination exercise program will involve tasks requiring motor control, balance, bilateral coordination, and cognitive engagement. Participants in the control group will continue their usual school activities without additional structured exercise.
Working memory and selective attention will be assessed before and after the intervention using standardized neuropsychological tests. The findings of this study may improve understanding of how different types of physical activity influence cognitive development in children and may help educators and health professionals design more effective school-based physical activity programs that support both physical and cognitive health.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Group | Experimental | Participants completed a supervised aerobic exercise program for 14 weeks, consisting of 40-minute sessions conducted three times per week. The program included high-intensity interval activities, sprint running, and game-based aerobic exercises designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. |
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| Coordination Exercise Group | Experimental | Participants completed a supervised coordination-based exercise program for 14 weeks, consisting of 40-minute sessions conducted three times per week. Activities included jump-rope combinations, dynamic balance exercises, bilateral coordination tasks, and multidirectional movement tasks requiring cognitive engagement. |
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| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants continued their usual school curriculum and daily activities without receiving any additional structured exercise intervention during the study period. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Program | Behavioral | Participants completed a supervised aerobic exercise program for 14 weeks. Exercise sessions were conducted three times per week and lasted 40 minutes each. The intervention included high-intensity interval activities, sprint running, and game-based aerobic tasks designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Exercise intensity was monitored using heart rate monitors, and participants maintained an intensity corresponding to 65% to 85% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Working Memory | Working memory performance will be assessed using the Visual-Auditory Digit Span Test. The test evaluates the ability to temporarily store, manipulate, and recall information through auditory and visual modalities. Higher scores indicate better working memory performance. | Baseline and Week 14 |
| Selective Attention | Selective attention will be assessed using the d2 Test of Attention. Outcome measures include concentration performance, processing speed, and error rates. Higher concentration scores indicate better selective attention performance. | Baseline and Week 14 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Motor Coordination | Motor coordination will be evaluated using the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) test battery. The assessment includes balance, jumping, and movement coordination tasks, with scores converted into an overall Motor Quotient. | Baseline |
| Cardiorespiratory Fitness |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul Rumeli University | Istanbul | Istanbul | 34570 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| Coordination Exercise Program | Behavioral | Participants completed a supervised coordination-based exercise program for 14 weeks. Exercise sessions were conducted three times per week and lasted 40 minutes each. The intervention included jump-rope combinations, dynamic balance exercises, bilateral coordination activities, and multidirectional movement tasks requiring cognitive engagement. Exercise intensity was standardized using ratings of perceived exertion, targeting Borg scale scores between 13 and 16. |
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Cardiorespiratory fitness will be assessed using the 20-meter shuttle run test. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) will be estimated from test performance. |
| Baseline |