the infection control department summarized infection data monthly, including the number of infections and pathogen types, and provided a paper report to the ICU without real-time data feedback or early warning mechanisms.

the nursing department solely led HAI prevention and control. Temporary consultations with doctors and laboratory personnel were organized only in case of MDRO outbreaks or special infections, with no fixed collaboration process.

Daily records of urinary catheter, ventilator, and CVC dwell days; infection onset time ; pathogen type. APACHE II score (assessed at admission by doctors, calculated via HIS after morning rounds; responsible nurses assist at 8:00 daily); SOFA score (assessed at admission, calculated after morning rounds; nurses assist at 16:00 daily); consciousness status (GCS score).Compliance rate of bundle measures (qualified daily inspections/total cases); MDRO report response time (from lab report to isolation implementation).

Real-time monitoring automatically captured data via HIS/LIS and the Lanqingting platform, with daily updates of device use and vital signs. Regular analysis: weekly multidisciplinary meetings (Wednesdays 15:00) to review infection data and implementation issues. Early warning: infection rate thresholds (CAUTI >4.289‰, VAP >7.775‰, CLABSI >1.425‰); automatic alerts when thresholds exceeded or MDRO infections occurred.

A collaborative team: infection control (2 persons, data analysis & supervision), medical affairs (1, coordination & process optimization), nursing (2, training & implementation inspection), ICU (3 doctors + 5 nurses, assessment & measure execution), clinical lab (2, pathogen identification & rapid reporting), and clinical pharmacy (1, antimicrobial guidance). Upon MDRO detection, the lab reported identification and susceptibility via WeChat within 10 min. Clinicians issued isolation orders within 30 min. Nurses implemented contact isolation within 1 hour. Infection control staff conducted on-site supervision within 24 hours, documenting and providing feedback. Regular communication: weekly multidisciplinary meetings to review progress, discuss difficulties, and adjust interventions.

Strict aseptic intubation (maximum sterile barrier, hand hygiene before intubation, disinfection of the urethral orifice with 0.05% povidone-iodine twice); daily assessment of extubation indicators (assessment by doctors during morning rounds combined with patient condition and urinary function, extubation within 24 hours if eligible); closed drainage system (avoiding repeated opening of the drainage bag, keeping the urine collection bag below bladder level, replacement once a week); perineal care (wiping with 0.05% povidone-iodine twice a day, in the order of urethral orifice-vaginal orifice-anus). All the following diagnostic criteria must be simultaneously satisfied.

Semi-recumbent position (head of bed elevated 30-45°, adjusted and angle recorded every 2 hours); daily awakening trial (discontinuing sedatives at 9:00 daily to assess patient consciousness and spontaneous breathing ability, initiating weaning process if eligible); oral care (gargling with 0.12% chlorhexidine solution every 8 hours, wiping teeth, gums, and tongue surface; for non-intubated patients: gargling with 0.12% chlorhexidine solution twice a day, wiping teeth, gums, and tongue surface); continuous instillation of sterile water for injection (3 bottles per day, maintaining continuous moistening of the oral mucosa); replacement of ventilator circuit humidification fluid (using sterile distilled water, replacement once a day, maintaining water level within the standard range).

Aseptic intubation (selecting an appropriate puncture site, preferring ultrasound-guided puncture, maximum sterile barrier, skin disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine alcohol wiping ≥15cm in diameter, waiting for drying before intubation); daily assessment of extubation indicators (timely extubation if no clear indication based on treatment needs and patient condition); CVC exit site care (disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine alcohol, replacement of sterile dressings twice a week, prompt replacement if oozing or contamination occurs); avoiding unnecessary catheter maintenance (replacing dressings only when loose, contaminated, or in case of puncture site infection, avoiding routine catheter replacement).