Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral entrapment neuropathy and can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and functional impairment of the hand. Although surgical decompression is considered an effective treatment for moderate CTS, there is increasing interest in conservative therapeutic strategies that may improve symptoms and function while avoiding surgery.

The aim of this multicenter non-randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a combined intervention consisting of manual therapy and ultrasound-guided percutaneous neuromodulation compared with conventional postsurgical rehabilitation in patients with moderate CTS.

Participants allocated to the experimental group will receive a standardized multimodal physiotherapy program including manual therapy techniques and ultrasound-guided percutaneous neuromodulation, whereas participants in the control group will undergo standard rehabilitation following carpal tunnel release surgery. The primary outcome will be symptom severity and functional status assessed with the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes will include pain intensity, nerve conduction parameters, ultrasound measures, hand strength, patient-reported outcomes, and adverse events.

The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence regarding the potential role of combined conservative treatment as an alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most prevalent peripheral entrapment neuropathy and represents a major cause of pain, sensory disturbances, and functional disability affecting the upper limb. Although surgical decompression is commonly recommended for patients with moderate CTS, interest in conservative treatment strategies has increased due to their potential to improve symptoms while avoiding surgery and its associated risks.

This multicenter non-randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effectiveness of a multimodal conservative intervention consisting of manual therapy combined with ultrasound-guided percutaneous neuromodulation versus conventional postsurgical rehabilitation in adults diagnosed with moderate CTS.

Group allocation will be based on clinical background. Participants with previous carpal tunnel release surgery will constitute the postsurgical rehabilitation group, whereas participants without previous surgery who meet the eligibility criteria will receive the combined conservative intervention. Statistical analyses will account for baseline differences between groups using propensity score adjustment in addition to intention-to-treat principles.

The primary objective is to determine whether the combined conservative intervention improves symptom severity and functional status as assessed by the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. Secondary objectives include evaluating pain intensity, electrophysiological and ultrasound parameters, hand function, patient-reported outcomes, and treatment safety.

The results of this study are expected to contribute to the evidence base supporting conservative management strategies for moderate CTS and to inform future comparative clinical trials in musculoskeletal rehabilitation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults aged 30 to 50 years.
• Clinical diagnosis of moderate carpal tunnel syndrome confirmed by nerve conduction studies according to the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine criteria.
• Symptoms persisting for at least 3 months.
• Ability to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome in the affected hand (experimental group only).
• Severe carpal tunnel syndrome requiring urgent surgical intervention.
• History of wrist fracture or major upper-limb trauma affecting the study limb.
• Pregnancy.
• Diabetes mellitus or other systemic diseases associated with peripheral neuropathy.
• Cervical radiculopathy or other neurological disorders affecting the upper limb.
• Rheumatoid arthritis or other inflammatory arthropathies involving the wrist.
• Previous corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome within the last 3 months.
• Contraindications to percutaneous neuromodulation (e.g., pacemaker, active infection at the treatment site, bleeding disorders, or anticoagulant therapy when considered clinically inappropriate).
• Inability to comply with the study protocol or follow-up assessments.

At the time of registration, no final decision has been made regarding the sharing of individual participant data. Any future data-sharing plan will be determined in accordance with applicable ethical approvals, institutional policies, participant consent, and data protection regulations.

Due to the nature of the interventions, blinding of participants and treating physiotherapists is not feasible. Outcome assessors and data analysts will remain blinded to group allocation throughout the study. At the end of the study, outcome assessors will be asked to indicate whether they believe each participant belonged to the intervention group, the control group, or whether they are unable to determine group allocation in order to assess the success of assessor blinding.