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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Swedish massage combined with lavender and chamomile oils on childbirth outcomes during the first and second stages of labor.
Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted with 90 pregnant women. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: Intervention A (n=30; carrier oil + chamomile oil + Swedish massage), Intervention B (n=30; carrier oil + lavender oil + Swedish massage), and Control (n=30; carrier oil + Swedish massage). Data were collected using the Individual Identification Form, Vital Signs (blood pressure and pulse), Partograph, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I and STAI-II), and the Childbirth Fear Scale. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 23.0.
The study was designed to compare the effects of Swedish massage combined with chamomile oil, lavender oil, or carrier oil on labor pain, anxiety, childbirth fear, physiological parameters, and selected birth outcomes during the first and second stages of labor.
This randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of Swedish massage combined with chamomile oil or lavender oil during the first and second stages of labor. Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: chamomile oil with Swedish massage, lavender oil with Swedish massage, and carrier oil with Swedish massage. Outcome measures included labor pain, anxiety, childbirth fear, maternal vital signs, duration of labor stages, and selected maternal and neonatal birth outcomes. Data were collected at predefined stages of labor using validated assessment tools.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention A, | Experimental | Intervention A (n=30; carrier oil + chamomile oil + Swedish massage), Stage I: From cervical dilation of 4 cm to 8 cm, four 10-minute sessions of labor massage were performed using superficial tapping techniques (for the head, shoulders, hands, and feet). Stage II: From 8 cm dilation to delivery, petrissage or strong tapping massage (B-shaped and heart-shaped), petrissage to the head and shoulders, spiral vibration to both sides of the vertebral column, and sacrum compression were applied four times for 20 minutes each. In each stage, the expectant mother was asked to indicate the area where she felt pain using the "Pain Area Drawings" chart. The type and intensity of the massage were determined based on the severity of the pain and the mother's emotional needs. |
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| Intervention B, | Experimental | Intervention B (n=30; carrier oil + lavender oil + Swedish massage) Stage I: From cervical dilation of 4 cm to 8 cm, four 10-minute sessions of labor massage were performed using superficial tapping techniques (for the head, shoulders, hands, and feet) Stage II: From 8 cm dilation to delivery, petrissage or strong tapping massage (B-shaped and heart-shaped), petrissage to the head and shoulders, spiral vibration to both sides of the vertebral column, and sacrum compression were applied four times for 20 minutes each. In each stage, the expectant mother was asked to indicate the area where she felt pain using the "Pain Area Drawings" chart. The type and intensity of the massage were determined based on the severity of the pain and the mother's emotional needs. |
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| Intervention C | Experimental | Control (n=30; carrier oil + Swedish massage).Stage I: From cervical dilation of 4 cm to 8 cm, four 10-minute sessions of labor massage were performed using superficial tapping techniques (for the head, shoulders, hands, and feet). Stage II: From 8 cm dilation to delivery, petrissage or strong tapping massage (B-shaped and heart-shaped), petrissage to the head and shoulders, spiral vibration to both sides of the vertebral column, and sacrum compression were applied four times for 20 minutes each. In each stage, the expectant mother was asked to indicate the area where she felt pain using the "Pain Area Drawings" chart. The type and intensity of the massage were determined based on the severity of the pain and the mother's emotional needs. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aromatherapy and Massage Care for labor pain management | Other | Although lavender and chamomile oils have been used in midwifery practices in previous studies, no study has been found comparing the effects of Swedish massage |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Labor pain intensity Visual Analog Scale | Measurement tool: Visual Analog Scale Measurement time: 4 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm cervical dilation and immediately after delivery. The scale is a 10 cm long scale used to assess pain intensity. Scores range from 0-100; higher scores indicate more severe pain. | During Childbirth ( to 24 hours) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| State anxiety level, state and trait anxiety scale I | The scale consists of two subscales that measure state and trait anxiety. Each subscale comprises 20 items, with scores ranging from 20 to 80. Higher scores indicate a higher level of anxiety. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the Turkish form are between 0.83 and 0.87 for State anxiety level I and between 0.86 and 0.92 for Trait anxiety level. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
• Voluntarily participate in the study and provide written consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Having a medical, psychiatric, or obstetric condition that could negatively affect the safety/validity of participation.
Women were included because they were giving birth.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hulya t Tosun, Phd. FM. | Kutahya Health Science University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antalya City Hospital | Antalya | Center | 06000 | Turkey (Türkiye) | ||
| Antalya City Hospital |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Result | Durmaz Fatma Cigdem Sirin, Tosun Hülya, Özlü Aysun COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF SWEDISH MASSAGE WITH NATURAL OILS DURING THE 1ST AND 2ND STAGES OF LABOR ON LABOR PAIN, FEAR AND ANXIETY LEVELS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY . : . . |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Article | View source |
| ID | Type | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fatma Cigdem Sirin Durmaz | Study Protocol | View IPD |
Study Protocol
Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)
Informed Consent Form (ICF)
Can be shared between 27/08/2026 and 27/01/2030
Researchers working at universities. Master's and doctoral students,
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000377 | Agnosia |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019341 | Aromatherapy |
| D000468 | Alkalies |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026441 | Mind-Body Therapies |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D008517 | Phytotherapy |
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Randomise controlled study
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A researcher overseeing the study's conduct is Dr. Ayten Yılmaz, a faculty member at Düzce University. She is Türkiye's first doctoral aromatherapist
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| Duration of first and second stage of labor servical opening 4-6 cm (up to 6 hours) |
| Trait anxiety level, state and trait anxiety scale II | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Form II, a 20-item self-report instrument. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety. The instrument has demonstrated good reliability, with reported Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.83 to 0.87 in Turkish validation studies. | Duration of first and second stage of labor servical opening 6-10 cm (up to 4 hours) |
| Delivery Fear Scale | Fear of childbirth will be assessed using the Delivery Fear Scale, a 10-item self-report instrument developed to measure fear experienced during labor. Each item is scored from 1 to 10, resulting in a total score ranging from 10 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater fear of childbirth. The Turkish version of the scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.90. | During the first and second stages of labor. (up to 24 hours) |
| Antalya |
| Center |
| 43000 |
| Turkey (Türkiye) |
| https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp | View source |
If the data would like, the researchers will send to researchers |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D026421 |
| Sensory Art Therapies |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |