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This prospective randomized controlled study aims to investigate the effects of foot massage on pain, anxiety, kinesiophobia, and postural control in women aged 18-45 years diagnosed with migraine who attend the Neurology Outpatient Clinic of Karabük University Karabük Training and Research Hospital. Participants who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomly allocated into either a foot massage group or a control group using a simple randomization method. The foot massage group will receive a total of 10 sessions of foot massage over 5 weeks, with two sessions per week, while no massage intervention will be applied to the control group. All participants will be assessed at baseline, immediately after the intervention period, and two weeks following the completion of treatment. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of foot massage in the management of symptoms in women with migraine.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| control group | No Intervention | The control group will not receive any foot reflexology therapy or other treatment intervention. | |
| Migraine group | Experimental | Before starting foot reflexology treatment, patients will be informed about the treatment process. The treatment will be performed by a physiotherapist twice a week, with each session lasting 30 minutes, for a total of 10 sessions. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| foot reflexology | Procedure | Before the treatment program begins, participants will be informed about the treatment procedure. The intervention will be administered by a physiotherapist certified as a Reflexology Practitioner, who has received formal training in reflexology. The treatment will consist of 10 sessions delivered over 5 weeks, with two 30-minute sessions per week. Each session will begin with several passive ankle movements to promote relaxation of the foot and ankle region. Reflexology treatment will be applied first to the right foot and then to the left foot. Target areas on the right foot: Brain, pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus and thalamus, temples, eye region and optic nerve, ear region, middle ear and balance point, and neck. Additional areas treated on the right foot: Thyroid and parathyroid glands, lungs, liver, facial region, speech center, thymus gland, teeth, diaphragm, vertebral column, and extremities. Areas treated on the left foot: Kidneys, diaphragm, intestines, n |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) | The Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the impact of headache on quality of life. In 2021, Dikmen et al. conducted a study on the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) in migraine patients. The test items assess areas such as vitality, pain, and psychological distress, as well as sociability, role, and cognitive functioning. Three of the six items specifically address the previous four weeks, while the remaining three items do not have a defined time frame. Each item is answered using a 5-point Likert scale (6=never, 8=rarely, 10=sometimes, 11=very often, 13=always). The final score is calculated by summing the scores from all six items, ranging from 36 to 78 points. Impact is categorized on a scale of ≤49 points (very little or no impact), 50-55 points (some impact), 56-59 points (significant impact), and ≥60 points (strong impact), with higher scores indicating a greater impact. | 2 days |
| Migraine Disability Assessment Scale | The Migraine Disability Assessment Scale was used to measure the impact of migraine on a patient's life. This scale, consisting of 5 questions and 4 disability levels from I to IV (no or little disability, moderate, severe disability), was completed by patients during assessments one week before the injection, and during assessments 4 weeks (+7 days) and 12 weeks (+7 days) after the injection. Patients were asked questions about their work/school activities. The total score ranged from 0 to 27. Scores of 0-5 were classified as Level I, 6-10 as Level II, 11-20 as Level III, and scores above 21 as Level IV. | 2 days |
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form | The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form is a reliable and valid self-report questionnaire developed to assess individuals' levels of physical activity. Recommended by the World Health Organization, this tool is widely used, particularly in epidemiological studies. The seven-question questionnaire provides information on time spent walking, moderate-to-vigorous, and vigorous activities. Time spent sitting is assessed as a separate question. Scoring involves summing the duration (minutes) and frequency (days) of walking, moderate-to-vigorous activity, and vigorous activity. A score of "MET-minutes" is obtained from these calculations. One MET-minute is calculated by multiplying the number of minutes spent on the activity by the MET score. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurcan Contarli, Doctor | Contact | +90370 418 9171 | nurcancontarli@karabuk.edu.tr |
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Data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008881 | Migraine Disorders |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D000092442 | Kinesiophobia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D051270 | Headache Disorders, Primary |
| D020773 | Headache Disorders |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
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| 2 days |
| Beck Anxiety Scale | The Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS) was developed to measure characteristic anxiety and worry symptoms in patients. This 21-item scale, with scores ranging from 0 to 63 (higher scores indicating severe anxiety), was completed by patients during assessments one week before the injection, and again four weeks (+7 days) and twelve weeks (+7 days) after the injection. The control group completed the scale once. For each item, patients selected one of the following options: 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 63. Scores of 0-7 were considered normal, 8-15 mild, 16-25 moderate, and 26-63 severe. | 2 days |
| Assessment of postural control | Postural balance will be assessed using a device that measures body sway by sensing foot pressure. The platform on the device detects body sways. The platform consists of a hard surface, but a soft surface can be achieved by placing a foam cushion on it. The platform must be placed on a flat surface so that it does not move. Through the platform, the individual's center of pressure is visualized, and oscillations occurring in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions can be monitored. Changes occurring on the platform are displayed on a computer screen using Bertec Workbook software. | 2 days |
| Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale | The Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TMS) is a self-report scale developed to assess individuals' levels of avoidance of movement due to fear of pain or re-injury. Kinesiophobia is a significant psychological factor, particularly prevalent in individuals with chronic pain, and can lead to functional limitations by restricting participation in physical activity. The TMS consists of 17 items and is scored using a 4-point Likert scale; higher scores indicate a high level of fear of movement. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Yılmaz et al., and the scale is widely used in clinical and research settings. | 2 days |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D010698 | Phobic Disorders |