This randomized clinical trial compared intraperitoneal irrigation of bupivacaine(a local anesthetic) vs a control group receiving normal saline for relief of post operative pain following laparoscopic gallbladder surgery. A total of 106 patients divided into two equal groups, with one group receiving bupivacaine and the other treated using normal saline(control).Previous studies on the subject found that bupivacaine significantly reduced postoperative pain. Although conventional intravenous analgesics remain widely used, bupivacaine may be a better option, especially in difficult surgical cases.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of intraperitoneal bupivacaine and normal saline for relief of post operative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 106 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic gallbladder surgery were enrolled and randomly assigned into two equal groups. Non-probability consecutive sampling technique will be used to recruit patients.Patients with clinical findings of choledocholithiasis/pancreatitis/cholecystitis, who need intraoperative conversion to an open procedure, are pregnant or lactating, do not have the capacity to express pain, or have any contraindication to the drugs under study, will be excluded.In Group A, the patients received intraperitoneal irrigation of bupivacaine , while in Group B, only normal saline was used. The standard procedure of laparoscopic cholecystectomy will be similar in both groups, except for the difference that group A patients will undergo intraperitoneal instillation of 500ml normal saline solution, whereas those allocated into group B will have peritoneal irrigation using 20ml of 10% bupivacaine solution diluted in 480ml of normal saline to make a 500ml irrigation solution at the time of peritoneal closure. To ensure double blinding, the primary surgeon and patient will be blinded to the type of solution used. The time of extubation will be noted, which will be used to determine the duration of analgesia. Patients will be followed up for VAS scores at time intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. When the patient complains of pain, intravenous tramadol of 37.5mg mixed with an antiemetic will be administered.To reduce confounding, all procedures are done by the same consultant surgeon; no additional postoperative analgesic advised, and a blinded surgeon will evaluate the patient for the pain scores at these intervals, with due recording of the dosages of rescue analgesics and duration of analgesia.Past literature has provided some insight into the efficacy of bupivacaine in reducing postoperative pain, but existing evidence is not enough to establish clinical practice guidelines. Our study has the rationale of strengthening the existing body of evidence by extending the research.

Inclusion Criteria:

• • Adult consented patients of any gender aged 18 to 60 years Fit to undergo elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

• • Patients who had developed choledocholithiasis or pancreatitis pre-operatively

  • Where conversion to open cholecystectomy is needed intraoperatively
  • Pregnant or lactating
  • Inability to express pain appropriately, like in psychiatric disorders
  • With any contraindication to the use of bupivacaine or normal saline, e.g., hypersensitivity

1 year after publication of article in journal

This study was conducted as a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. In this design, the outcome assessor (observer) was blinded to the group allocation, while the operating surgeon was also not aware of the intervention being performed.Blinding was achieved by ensuring that the trained observer responsible for recording postoperative outcomes, including post operative pain, did not know whether bupivacaine or normal saline was used during the procedure. This helped to minimize observer bias in outcome measurement