Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) Group: Nifedipine sustained-release tablets: 30-60 mg/day, orally in 2-3 divided doses;

Dexamethasone: 8-16 mg/day, intravenous injection, tapering off after 3-5 days; Methylprednisolone: 40-80 mg/day, intravenous injection; Prednisone: 40-60 mg/day, oral administration;

Furosemide: 40-80 mg/day, administered intravenously or orally; Spironolactone: 40-80 mg/day, administered orally; Note: Strictly monitor electrolytes and renal function.

Aminophylline: 0.25-0.5g, intravenous drip, 1-2 times a day; Doxofylline: 200mg, intravenous drip, 2 times a day;

CCB + Glucocorticoid: Nifedipine + Dexamethasone; Glucocorticoid + Diuretic: Dexamethasone + Furosemide; Triple Therapy: CCB + Glucocorticoid + Diuretic.

Traditional treatment plus CPAP or BiPAP

Patients are defined as recovered only when all of the following criteria are met simultaneously:

Resolution of clinical symptoms: complete relief of dyspnea (no shortness of breath at rest), disappearance of cough and expectoration, and resolution of chest tightness or chest pain.

Restoration of normal physical signs: complete disappearance of lung crackles, resolution of cyanosis, and heart rate < 100 beats per minute at rest.

Normalization of physiological parameters: blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) ≥ 90% above 3500 m altitude (≥ 88% above 4000 m altitude) and normal arterial blood gas analysis (if performed).

Improvement on imaging studies: clear bilateral lung fields on chest X-ray, and resolution of alveolar exudation without significant effusion on chest CT.

Meeting hospital discharge criteria: stable condition for more than 48 hours, recovery of self-care ability, and no requirement for continuous oxygen therapy.

Patients are defined as recovered only when all of the following criteria are met simultaneously:

Recovery of consciousness: Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 15, full restoration of orientation, and no signs of impaired consciousness.

Resolution of neurological symptoms: complete relief of headache, and disappearance of ataxia, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and other related symptoms.

Normal neurological signs: disappearance of pathological reflexes, negative meningeal irritation signs, and normal cranial nerve function.

Improvement on imaging: resolution of cerebral edema, no mass effect, and normal ventricular system on head CT or MRI.

Meeting hospital discharge criteria: stable condition for more than 72 hours, recovery of activities of daily living, and no requirement for special monitoring.

Death is defined as all-cause mortality occurring during hospitalization, or all-cause mortality within 30 days and 90 days after discharge.

Clinical symptoms improved by ≥50%, manifested as significant relief of dyspnea (no shortness of breath during mild activity), marked reduction in cough and expectoration, and alleviation of chest discomfort.

Physiological indicators improved, including a decrease in heart rate by ≥20 beats per minute from baseline, an increase in blood oxygen saturation by ≥5% compared with admission, and a respiratory rate < 24 breaths per minute.

Imaging examinations showed a ≥50% reduction in pulmonary exudation on chest radiograph compared with admission, or a significant reduction in lesion extent on chest CT.