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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University | OTHER |
| Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University | OTHER |
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This three-year randomized controlled trial investigated whether wrestling shoes with built-in medial arch support can preserve foot arch structure in adolescent male wrestlers compared to standard wrestling shoes without arch support.
A total of 88 adolescent male wrestlers (age 11 at baseline) were randomly assigned to wear either modified wrestling shoes with integrated medial arch support (intervention group, n=44) or standard commercially available wrestling shoes (control group, n=44). Foot posture was assessed annually using the Staheli Arch Index via podoscopy. Plantar pressure distribution was recorded using the Tekscan F-Scan system. The study followed participants for three years.
The primary aim was to determine whether medial arch-support wrestling shoes reduce the emergence of flat foot (pes planus) compared with standard wrestling shoes during a critical period of foot development in young athletes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Wrestling Shoe (Arch Support) | Experimental | Participants wore modified wrestling shoes with integrated medial arch support, multi-density rubber outsole, reinforced heel stabilization, structured midfoot midsole, and optimized plantar contact geometry for three years during all wrestling training sessions. Shoe sizes were monitored and replaced as needed. |
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| Standard Wrestling Shoe | Active Comparator | Participants wore standard commercially available wrestling shoes featuring a flat thin rubber outsole, no cushioning midsole, no arch support, near-zero heel drop, and a high collar for three years during all wrestling training sessions. Shoe sizes were monitored and replaced as needed. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medial Arch-Support Wrestling Shoe | Device | Modified wrestling shoe incorporating a multi-density rubber outsole, integrated medial longitudinal arch support, reinforced heel stabilization with hidden heel pads, structured midfoot midsole, four-way stretch Scuba fabric upper, and adhesive Velcro tape closure system. Designed to redistribute plantar pressure and preserve medial longitudinal arch structure during wrestling training. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Foot Posture Classification (Staheli Arch Index) | Foot posture was classified annually using the Staheli Arch Index (SAI) assessed via podoscopy. Classifications: normal (SAI 0.45-0.89), flexible pes planus (SAI 0.90-1.00), and rigid pes planus (SAI ≥1.01, confirmed by Jack Toe Raise Test). Between-group differences were evaluated using Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni correction. | Baseline, Year 1, Year 2, Year 3 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plantar Pressure Distribution | Dynamic plantar pressure distribution was recorded using the Tekscan F-Scan system (3000E sensors, 100 Hz) during 30-second walking trials on a UWW-approved mat. Pressure maps were evaluated qualitatively for midfoot contact area and center of pressure trajectory. | Year 3 |
| Standing Height |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mahmut Açak | Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regional Boarding School (YBO) | Malatya | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005413 | Flatfoot |
| D005530 | Foot Deformities |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000070558 | Talipes |
| D005531 | Foot Deformities, Acquired |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D005532 | Foot Deformities, Congenital |
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Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to modified wrestling shoes with medial arch support (intervention) or standard wrestling shoes (control) and followed for three years.
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Participant blinding was not feasible due to visible shoe differences. Outcome assessors and statistical personnel were blinded to group allocation.
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| Standard Wrestling Shoe | Device | Conventional commercially available wrestling shoe featuring a thin flat rubber outsole, hard insole without arch support, tight lacing system, high collar, and rigid non-flexible plastic base. No medial arch support or plantar load redistribution features. |
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Standing height (cm) was measured using a calibrated stadiometer at each assessment point. Between-group differences were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA (group × time). |
| Baseline, Year 1, Year 2 |
| Body Mass | Body mass (kg) was measured using a calibrated scale at each assessment point. Between-group differences were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA (group × time). | Baseline, Year 1, Year 2 |
| D038061 | Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital |
| D017880 | Limb Deformities, Congenital |
| D009139 | Musculoskeletal Abnormalities |
| D000013 | Congenital Abnormalities |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |