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Six-week exercise interventions in sedentary young women demonstrated that aerobic exercise and resistance exercise differentially optimize inflammatory and immune responses through their effects on osteocalcin and IgM, and IgA, respectively. These distinct effects of exercise modality on immune biomarkers can be utilized to design personalized exercise programs.
The effects of exercise on the immune system have been studied for many years. Regular physical activity is known to enhance the effectiveness of the immune system by modulating the inflammatory response. Regular exercise has been shown to increase individuals' physical fitness levels. Exercise is used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Consequently, a review of the literature reveals numerous studies indicating that regular exercise positively impacts an individual's health. Regular exercise positively affects all systems of the organism, including the immune system. Changes in the immune system after acute and chronic exercise differ. The effects of exercise on the immune system vary depending on the intensity of the exercise and the physical characteristics of the individuals. While light to moderate exercise strengthens the immune system, intense exercise can suppress it. The effects of exercise on the immune system have been the subject of much research in recent years. However, the effects of different types of exercise (aerobic and resistance training) on immune markers are still not fully understood. Inflammatory markers, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), play a critical role in assessing the effect of exercise on the immune system. In addition, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) are important biomarkers in evaluating the immune response. This study aims to investigate the chronic effects of a 4-week aerobic and resistance exercise program on the immune system and inflammation. Blood and saliva samples will be collected and analyzed for CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and immunoglobulin levels. The data obtained will help us understand the specific effects of different types of exercise on inflammatory and immune responses, contributing to more informed exercise prescriptions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance exercise group | Experimental | Exercise group completed a 6-week supervised training program consisting of three sessions per week on non-consecutive days. Each session lasted 45-60 minutes and included a standardized warm-up, main exercise phase, and cool-down. Training stimulus was controlled using both internal and external load parameters. Internal load was monitored via heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), whereas external load was defined by exercise duration, intensity, and training volume. |
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| Aerobic Group | Experimental | The aerobic training group performed continuous exercise on a treadmill or cycle ergometer at 60-75% of heart rate reserve (HRR), corresponding to moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Exercise intensity was continuously monitored using HR and verified with RPE (target: 12-15). A progressive overload approach was applied, with intensity increasing from 60% HRR in the initial weeks to 70-75% HRR in the final phase. |
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| Control group | Experimental | The control group maintained habitual activities and refrained from structured exercise. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic and resistance exercise | Behavioral | Because it was done on young girls who lead a sedentary lifestyle. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Levels | Serum C-reactive protein levels will be measured using an ELISA kit to evaluate systemic inflammation. (Unit of measurement: mg/L) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Change in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Levels | Serum interleukin-6 levels will be analyzed to assess pro-inflammatory cytokine response. (Unit of measurement: pg/mL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Levels | Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels will be measured to evaluate pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. (Unit of measurement: pg/mL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Change in Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Levels | Salivary Immunoglobulin A levels will be measured to evaluate mucosal immune response. (Unit of measurement: mg/dL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Change in Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Levels | Serum Immunoglobulin M levels will be measured to assess acute infection and humoral immune response. (Unit of measurement: mg/dL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Change in Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Levels | Serum Immunoglobulin G levels will be measured to assess long-term immune memory and humoral immune response. (Unit of measurement: mg/dL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Fahri Safa Çınarlı, Doç. Dr. | Inonu University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| İnönu University | Malatya | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36168944 | Result | Nash D, Hughes MG, Butcher L, Aicheler R, Smith P, Cullen T, Webb R. IL-6 signaling in acute exercise and chronic training: Potential consequences for health and athletic performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023 Jan;33(1):4-19. doi: 10.1111/sms.14241. Epub 2022 Oct 8. | |
| 24205208 | Result | Henson J, Yates T, Edwardson CL, Khunti K, Talbot D, Gray LJ, Leigh TM, Carter P, Davies MJ. Sedentary time and markers of chronic low-grade inflammation in a high risk population. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 29;8(10):e78350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078350. eCollection 2013. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D057185 | Sedentary Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Change in Leukocyte (WBC) Count |
Total leukocyte (White Blood Cell) count will be analyzed to assess general immune and inflammatory status. (Unit of measurement: cells/µL) |
| Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| 38796664 | Result | Coughlin GH, Antush MT, Vella CA. Associations of sedentary behavior and screen time with biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance. J Behav Med. 2024 Oct;47(5):828-838. doi: 10.1007/s10865-024-00498-y. Epub 2024 May 25. |
| 18627553 | Result | Thomas NE, Williams DR. Inflammatory factors, physical activity, and physical fitness in young people. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Oct;18(5):543-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00824.x. Epub 2008 Jul 9. |
| 31636910 | Result | Dogra S, Wolf M, Jeffrey MP, Foley RCA, Logan-Sprenger H, Jones-Taggart H, Green-Johnson JM. Disrupting prolonged sitting reduces IL-8 and lower leg swell in active young adults. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2019 Oct 18;11:23. doi: 10.1186/s13102-019-0138-4. eCollection 2019. |