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In this study, patients who are 7-21 years of age and have chronic pain affecting their head, neck, and/or upper limb will participate in 6 once-weekly sessions. During each of these hour-long sessions, participants will engage in physical therapy exercises, use virtual reality games focused on moving the head, neck and arm, and complete questionnaires about their pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Therapy and VR | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality gaming | Device | Participants will wear a VR headset and play games of their choosing developed by Invincikids to target mobility in the head, neck and upper extremity |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Intensity Based on Numeric Rating Scale | Ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) | Weekly assessment from enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| Disability Classification based on the Upper Extremity Functional Scale | 20-item questionnaire asking participant to rate difficulty of specified activities using the upper extremity with possible answers ranging from 1 (extreme difficulty or unable to perform activity) to 4 (no difficulty). | Weekly assessment from enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Self-Efficacy | 7-item questionnaire of "How sure are you that you are able to do each of the following things when you have pain?" which can be answered very sure, pretty sure, in the middle, pretty unsure, very unsure | Weekly assessment from enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elizabeth A Pickle, MD | Contact | (412) 692-8700 | 2 | pickleea@upmc.edu |
| Natalie Sorek | Contact | DPT | 412-692-5480 | pickleea@upmc.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Elizabeth A Pickle, MD | University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh | Allison Park | Pennsylvania | 15101-4146 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27553129 | Background | Bettini L, Moore K. Central Sensitization in Functional Chronic Pain Syndromes: Overview and Clinical Application. Pain Manag Nurs. 2016 Oct;17(5):333-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2016.05.008. Epub 2016 Aug 21. | |
| 32721388 | Background | Estevez-Lopez F, Maestre-Cascales C, Russell D, Alvarez-Gallardo IC, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Hughes CM, Davison GW, Sanudo B, McVeigh JG. Effectiveness of Exercise on Fatigue and Sleep Quality in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021 Apr;102(4):752-761. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.06.019. Epub 2020 Jul 25. |
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No current plans exist to share this data.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
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| Physical therapy exercises | Other | Physical therapy exercises directed by a licensed physical therapist to improve painful area mobility and function. Participants will be classified into high, moderate, and low pain irritability groups, which will determine their exercises |
|
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Catastrophizing | 13-item questionnaire on thoughts and feelings during pain answered with not at all, mildly, moderately, severely, extremely. | Weekly assessment from enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Interference | 15-item questionnaire about sleep interference with each question answered never, almost never, sometimes, almost always, always | Weekly assessment from enrollment until the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Psychological Stress Experience | 19-item questionnaire about psychological stress experience which can be answered never, rarely, sometimes, often, always | Weekly assessment from enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depressive Symptoms | 14-item questionnaire about depressive symptoms that can be answered never, almost never, sometimes, often, almost always | Weekly assessment from enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety | 15-item questionnaire that can be answered never, almost never, sometimes, often, almost always | Weekly assessment from enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| 35450664 | Background | Kim YN, Gray N, Jones A, Scher S, Kozlowska K. The Role of Physiotherapy in the Management of Functional Neurological Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2022 Apr;41:100947. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2021.100947. Epub 2021 Nov 19. |
| 39159449 | Background | Lo HHM, Zhu M, Zou Z, Wong CL, Lo SHS, Chung VC, Wong SY, Sit RWS. Immersive and Nonimmersive Virtual Reality-Assisted Active Training in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2024 Aug 19;26:e48787. doi: 10.2196/48787. |
| 40722437 | Background | Plavoukou T, Staktopoulos P, Papagiannis G, Stasinopoulos D, Georgoudis G. Virtual and Augmented Reality for Chronic Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis. Bioengineering (Basel). 2025 Jul 8;12(7):745. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12070745. |
| Background | Stratford PW, Binkley JM, Stratford DM. Development and initial validation of the upper extremity functional index. Physiotherapy Can. 2001;53:259-67 |
| 37247829 | Background | Salatino A, Zavattaro C, Gammeri R, Cirillo E, Piatti ML, Pyasik M, Serra H, Pia L, Geminiani G, Ricci R. Virtual reality rehabilitation for unilateral spatial neglect: A systematic review of immersive, semi-immersive and non-immersive techniques. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023 Sep;152:105248. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105248. Epub 2023 May 27. |
| 37145841 | Background | Lundin RM, Yeap Y, Menkes DB. Adverse Effects of Virtual and Augmented Reality Interventions in Psychiatry: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health. 2023 May 5;10:e43240. doi: 10.2196/43240. |
| 40167860 | Background | Lo Cascio A, Cascino M, Dabbene M, Paladini A, Viswanath O, Varrassi G, Latina R. Epidemiology of Pediatric Chronic Pain: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2025 Apr 1;29(1):71. doi: 10.1007/s11916-025-01380-5. |
| 32482376 | Background | Hoffman HG, Boe DA, Rombokas E, Khadra C, LeMay S, Meyer WJ, Patterson S, Ballesteros A, Pitt SW. Virtual reality hand therapy: A new tool for nonopioid analgesia for acute procedural pain, hand rehabilitation, and VR embodiment therapy for phantom limb pain. J Hand Ther. 2020 Apr-Jun;33(2):254-262. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 May 30. |
| 35536641 | Background | Goudman L, Jansen J, Billot M, Vets N, De Smedt A, Roulaud M, Rigoard P, Moens M. Virtual Reality Applications in Chronic Pain Management: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JMIR Serious Games. 2022 May 10;10(2):e34402. doi: 10.2196/34402. |
| 38743558 | Background | Chambers CT, Dol J, Tutelman PR, Langley CL, Parker JA, Cormier BT, Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT, Chapman D, Proudfoot N, Grant A, Marianayagam J. The prevalence of chronic pain in children and adolescents: a systematic review update and meta-analysis. Pain. 2024 Oct 1;165(10):2215-2234. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003267. Epub 2024 May 15. |
| 37745669 | Background | Arcos-Holzinger M, Biebl JT, Storz C, Gutmann M, Azad SC, Holzapfel BM, Kraft E. Virtual reality in managing Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): a scoping review. Front Neurol. 2023 Sep 7;14:1069381. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1069381. eCollection 2023. |
| D013812 |
| Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |